Oxidative stress in rats induced by consumption of saxitoxin contaminated drink water

Abstract

Saxitoxins (STXs) are neurotoxins produced by cyanobacteria such as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. During bloom events, the production of these compounds causes contamination on public water supply sources. STXs block voltage gated sodium channels and can lead to severe poisoning and death of organisms at different trophic levels. Other toxicity mechanism of STX is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of consumption of water contaminated with a C. raciborskii strain (producing variants of Neo-STX and STX) by rats during 30 days through the analysis of oxidative stress biochemical parameters. Total antioxidant capacity (ACAP) and oxidative stress parameters were analyzed at pre-frontal cortex, hippocampus and liver of adult Wistar rats (2–3 months old). Treated animals ingested concentrations of 3 and 9 mg/L of STX equivalents and were compared with a control group (culture medium ASM-1). At the concentration of 3 mg/L, a decrease in ROS production associated with lower ACAP at hippocampus was observed. Furthermore, a decrease of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) activity in the cortex and an increase of brain and liver glutathione concentration were also observed. At the highest concentration (9 mg/L), there was an ACAP increase in the hippocampus as well as in the activity GCL and glutathione-S-transferase in the cortex and hippocampus. At both concentrations, lipid peroxidation was registered in the liver. Therefore, chronic ingestion of STXs can alter the antioxidant defenses and induce oxidative stress in brain and liver. The present results point to the values adopted as threshold limit for STXs in potable waters (3 mg/L) shows already significant chronic effects that alter antioxidant defenses and induce oxidative stress at least in two of the organs studied.