Saúde hunana e ambiental: estudo com trabalhadores agricultores da ilha dos marinheiros

Abstract

Este estudo apresenta uma relação entre o trabalho agrícola familiar e a saúde humana e ambiental em um cenário insular com características rurais, tendo-se como objetivo geral, analisar a sustentabilidade da relação socioambiental do trabalho de agricultores moradores da Ilha dos Marinheiros. Os objetivos específicos foram: Caracterizar a sustentabilidade do trabalho agrícola familiar na Ilha dos Marinheiros; Identificar como os trabalhadores agricultores da Ilha dos Marinheiros significam a sua saúde e atuam para mantê-la; Compreender como os trabalhadores agricultores identificam os impactos positivos e negativos do trabalho agrícola familiar desencadeados no ambiente e a conservação da saúde ambiental. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, transversal com desenho de método misto com estruturação [QUAL + quan]. Foi realizada na Ilha dos Marinheiros, Rio Grande, Brasil, com 129 trabalhadores agricultores entre março a outubro de 2013, utilizando-se entrevista com aplicação individual de um questionário semiestruturado, gravado, previamente elaborado e testado. Também foram utilizados dados secundários referentes à constituição geográfica, cultural e econômica da Ilha. A organização dos dados qualitativos ocorreu a partir da transcrição dos dados oriundos das entrevistas no Microsoft Word, seguido da Análise de Conteúdo por temas com auxílio do Software Nvivo10. Para ambos os processos de análise utilizou-se o apoio teórico na racionalidade cultural de Enrique Leff. A organização dos dados quantitativos se fez pela codificação dos dados e digitação no software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, 21.0, seguido da análise estatística descritiva e Teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson, com o p-valor <0,05 como significância estatística. Foram asseguradas as exigências éticas e científicas preconizadas nas pesquisas com seres humanos, mediante Resolução 466/2012 e aprovação do macroprojeto pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande sob parecer 026/2013. Teve-se 78 trabalhadores agricultores do sexo masculino com idade média de (55,33±14,27), e 51 do sexo feminino, com idade média de (54,68±11,08). Predominou a descendência portuguesa 106 (84,8%), a maioria 100 (77,52%) com ensino fundamental incompleto, média de 2,53 integrantes no domicílio e renda familiar média de (1.648,39±947,72) para uma média de 2,58 dependentes desta. Os participantes atuavam em média há 40,56 anos, por (8,51± 3,10) horas diárias de trabalho em suas propriedades com média de 12,49 hectares. A atividade que mais exerciam e que eram mais auxiliados foi colher os produtos agrícolas, predominando o sexo masculino nesta função. O desenvolvimento do trabalho era conduzido mais pelos homens e de forma diária 83 (64,34%), seguido dos filhos 33 (25,58%) também diariamente 24 (18,60%). Quanto à saúde humana, esta foi concebida como boa, regular e ruim, com ações que convergem à continuidade do exercício laboral e adesão aos serviços de saúde mínima anualmente. Já os impactos positivos do trabalho no ambiente incidiram na conservação do trabalho como uma riqueza, o que exige atenção quanto ao uso dos agrotóxicos frente aos impactos negativos desencadeados ao ambiente em uma perspectiva sustentável à vida humana e não humana. O estudo fornece subsídios 6 contributivos à prática argumentativa do Enfermeiro à saúde ocupacional na agricultura familiar sob uma perspectiva sustentável ao ambiente.

This study presents a relationship between family farming and human and environmental health in a rural island context. Its general objective was to analyze the sustainability of the socio-environmental relationship of the work of farmers living on Ilha dos Marinheiros. The specific objectives were: To characterize the sustainability of family farming on Ilha dos Marinheiros; To identify how the farmworkers from Ilha dos Marinheiros see their health and act to keep it; To understand how the farmworkers identify the positive and negative impacts of family farming on the environment and the conservation of environmental health. This is an exploratory, descriptive, cross-sectional research with mixed design and [QUAL + quan] structure. The research was carried out with 129 farmworkers from Ilha dos Marinheiros, Rio Grande, Brazil, from March to October 2013. They were interviewed individually and responded to a semi-structured questionnaire. The interviews were recorded and the questionnaire had been previously designed and tested. Secondary data related to the geographical, cultural and economic constitution of the island were also used. The qualitative data were sorted out through the transcription of the interviews into Microsoft Word, and the Content Analysis by themes with Nvivo10 software. Both analysis processes were based on Enrique Leff's cultural rationality theory. The quantitative data were sorted out by codifying the data and entering them into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 21.0, followed by descriptive statistical analysis and Pearson's chi-square test, with p-value <0.05 as statistical significance. The ethical and scientific demands recommended in research with human beings were satisfied by Resolution n. 466/2012 and the approval of the macro project by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande with Opinion n. 026/2013. There were 78 male farmworkers with average age of 55.33±14.27, and 51 female farmworkers with average age of 54.68±11.08. Portuguese descent was predominant with 106 (84.8%). Most of them, 100 (72.52%) haven't completed secondary school. There was an average of 2.53 persons per home, average family income of 1,648.39±947.72, and an average of 2.58 persons dependent on this income. The participants have been working for about 40.56 years, at a rate of 8.51±3.10 hours per day. Their properties have an average of 12.49 hectares. Harvesting is the activity in which they worked the most on and in which they were mostly helped. Males were found to be predominant in the harvesting work. The development of work was conducted mostly by men and daily, 83 (64.34%), followed by children, 33 (25.58%), also daily, 24 (18.60%). The participants considered their health as good, regular or bad, with actions leading to the continuity of work and the minimum use of health care services annually. The positive impacts of the work on the environment lied in the conservation of the work as something valuable, which demands attention as for the use of agrochemicals because of their negative impacts on the environment in a sustainable perspective for human and non-human life. This study contributes to the nurses' arguments for 8 occupational health in family farming from an environmentally sustainable perspective.

This study presents a relationship between family farming and human and environmental health in a rural island context. Its general objective was to analyze the sustainability of the socio-environmental relationship of the work of farmers living on Ilha dos Marinheiros. The specific objectives were: To characterize the sustainability of family farming on Ilha dos Marinheiros; To identify how the farmworkers from Ilha dos Marinheiros see their health and act to keep it; To understand how the farmworkers identify the positive and negative impacts of family farming on the environment and the conservation of environmental health. This is an exploratory, descriptive, cross-sectional research with mixed design and [QUAL + quan] structure. The research was carried out with 129 farmworkers from Ilha dos Marinheiros, Rio Grande, Brazil, from March to October 2013. They were interviewed individually and responded to a semi-structured questionnaire. The interviews were recorded and the questionnaire had been previously designed and tested. Secondary data related to the geographical, cultural and economic constitution of the island were also used. The qualitative data were sorted out through the transcription of the interviews into Microsoft Word, and the Content Analysis by themes with Nvivo10 software. Both analysis processes were based on Enrique Leff's cultural rationality theory. The quantitative data were sorted out by codifying the data and entering them into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 21.0, followed by descriptive statistical analysis and Pearson's chi-square test, with p-value <0.05 as statistical significance. The ethical and scientific demands recommended in research with human beings were satisfied by Resolution n. 466/2012 and the approval of the macro project by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande with Opinion n. 026/2013. There were 78 male farmworkers with average age of 55.33±14.27, and 51 female farmworkers with average age of 54.68±11.08. Portuguese descent was predominant with 106 (84.8%). Most of them, 100 (72.52%) haven't completed secondary school. There was an average of 2.53 persons per home, average family income of 1,648.39±947.72, and an average of 2.58 persons dependent on this income. The participants have been working for about 40.56 years, at a rate of 8.51±3.10 hours per day. Their properties have an average of 12.49 hectares. Harvesting is the activity in which they worked the most on and in which they were mostly helped. Males were found to be predominant in the harvesting work. The development of work was conducted mostly by men and daily, 83 (64.34%), followed by children, 33 (25.58%), also daily, 24 (18.60%). The participants considered their health as good, regular or bad, with actions leading to the continuity of work and the minimum use of health care services annually. The positive impacts of the work on the environment lied in the conservation of the work as something valuable, which demands attention as for the use of agrochemicals because of their negative impacts on the environment in a sustainable perspective for human and non-human life. This study contributes to the nurses' arguments for 8 occupational health in family farming from an environmentally sustainable perspective.