Influência das condições de secagem em leito fixo nas folhas de Eucalyptus grandis para obtenção de extratos bioativos
Resumo
As plantas aromáticas com suas propriedades medicinais e farmacêuticas têm sido foco de estudos
científicos na busca por compostos fenólicos (CF). Os CFs são agentes fitoquímicos que compõem
o metabolismo secundário das plantas, são antioxidantes naturais, possuem ação bactericida,
fungicida, inseticida e apresentam poder farmacológico. O Eucalyptus grandis é a espécie mais
cultivada no Brasil. Suas folhas são normalmente descartadas como resíduos durante a colheita e
no processamento mecânico da madeira. Devido ao grande volume gerado, são materiais de grande
potencial de estudos. Uma de suas aplicabilidades já estudada para fins medicinais, é para obtenção
de óleos essenciais, porém, é uma metodologia robusta e de baixa rentabilidade. Dessa forma, traça
a oportunidade de ampliar os estudos em relação a esse subproduto. O objetivo deste trabalho é
estudar a influência da secagem convectiva das folhas de E. grandis, em leito fixo, avaliar a
influência na obtenção de compostos fenólicos e antioxidantes e realizar a caracterização química
e microbiológica dos extratos obtidos por maceração e extração por ultrassom. Para avaliar a
influência da secagem utilizou-se um planejamento composto central rotacional com temperatura
do ar variando entre 45,9 e 74,1ºC e velocidade do ar variando entre 0,77 e 1,62 m.s-1. Com relação
ao conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante (AA) diante do radical DPPH,
os valores encontrados para a folha in natura foram 3,61 ± 0,98 mgEAG.gss-1 e 35,16 ± 2,15%, já
para as folhas secas os valores obtidos foram de 15,36 ± 5 mgEAG.gss-1 e 92,49 ± 4,33%
respectivamente. Na avaliação da cinética de secagem, foi verificado apenas o período
correspondente à taxa de secagem decrescente. A análise estatística mostrou que a relação ao
percentual de perda do conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais e ao percentual de perda da
atividade antioxidante, nenhuma das variáveis teve influência estatística significativa. As folhas
secas na condição otimizada da operação de secagem foram utilizadas para obtenção de extratos
fenólicos através de dois métodos: maceração e ultrassom com tempo de 30 min, obtendo
resultados de CF 16,39 ± 1,50 mg EAG.gss-1 e 15,07 ± 0,84 mg EAG.gss-1 e AA de 92,50 e 93,30
%, respectivamente. Também foi realizada uma comparação em relação ao tempo de extração por
ultrassom, em 5 min, com resultados de CF 11,77 ± 0,84 mg EAG.gss-1 e 93,25 ± 0,28% de AA.
Os resultados estatísticos indicaram que não há diferença significativa entre 5 ou 30 min na
extração por ultrassom para compostos fenólicos, porém, para atividade antioxidande esta variação
foi significativa. Dessa forma, optou-se pelo tempo de 5 min. Foi realizada a caracterização do
extrato por CLAE, encontrando como compostos majoritários verbascosídeo (8,11±0,6 mg.g-1
.) e
quercetina ( 0,47±0,26 mg.g-1). O extrato de folhas de E. grandis apresentaram atividade
antimicrobiana contra cepas de E. coli e S. coccus, com CMI 6 mg.L-1 e CMB de 8 mg.L-1 para
ambas. Este trabalho demonstra que as folhas de E. grandis possuem capacidade de fornecer
extratos com potencial bioativo e antimicrobiano, potencializados com a operação de secagem,
tornando-se uma fonte sustentável a ser explorada pela indústria.
Aromatic plants with their medicinal and pharmaceutical properties have been the focus of scientific studies in the search for phenolic compounds (CF). CFs are phytochemical agents that make up the secondary metabolism of plants, are natural antioxidants, have bactericidal, fungicidal and insecticidal actions and have pharmacological power. Eucalyptus grandis is the most cultivated species in Brazil. Its leaves are normally discarded as waste during harvesting and mechanical wood processing. Due to the large volume generated, they are materials with great study potential. One of its applications, already studied for medicinal purposes, is to obtain essential oils, however, it is a robust and low-profit methodology. In this way, it outlines the opportunity to expand studies in relation to this byproduct. The objective of this work is to study the influence of convective drying of E. grandis leaves, in a fixed bed, evaluate the influence on the obtaining of phenolic and antioxidant compounds and carry out the chemical and microbiological characterization of the extracts obtained by maceration and ultrasound extraction. To evaluate the influence of drying, a central rotational composite design was used with air temperature varying between 45.9 and 74.1ºC and air speed varying between 0.77 and 1.62 m.s-1. Regarding the content of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (AA) against the DPPH radical, the values found for the fresh leaf were 3.61 ± 0.98 mgEAG.gss-1 and 35.16 ± 2.15%, For dry leaves, the values obtained were 15.36 ± 5 mgEAG.gss-1 and 92.49 ± 4.33% respectively. When evaluating drying kinetics, only the period corresponding to the decreasing drying rate was verified. The statistical analysis showed that in relation to the percentage of loss of total phenolic compound content and the percentage of loss of antioxidant activity, none of the variables had a significant statistical influence. The leaves dried in the optimized condition of the drying operation were used to obtain phenolic extracts through two methods: maceration and ultrasound with a time of 30 min, obtaining results of CF 16.39 ± 1.50 mg EAG.gss-1 and 15 .07 ± 0.84 mg EAG.gss-1 and AA of 92.50 and 93.30%, respectively. A comparison was also made in relation to the ultrasound extraction time, in 5 min, with results of CF 11.77 ± 0.84 mg EAG.gss-1 and 93.25 ± 0.28% AA. The statistical results indicated that there is no significant difference between 5 or 30 min in ultrasound extraction for phenolic compounds, however, for antioxidant activity this variation was significant. Therefore, a time of 5 minutes was chosen. The extract was characterized by HPLC, finding verbascoside (8.11±0.6 mg.g-1) and quercetin (0.47±0.26 mg.g-1) as the main compounds. The E. grandis leaf extract showed antimicrobial activity against strains of E. coli and S. coccus, with MIC 6 mg.L-1 and CMB 8 mg.L-1 for both. This work demonstrates that E. grandis leaves have the capacity to provide extracts with bioactive and antimicrobial potential, enhanced with the drying operation, becoming a sustainable source to be explored by the industry.
Aromatic plants with their medicinal and pharmaceutical properties have been the focus of scientific studies in the search for phenolic compounds (CF). CFs are phytochemical agents that make up the secondary metabolism of plants, are natural antioxidants, have bactericidal, fungicidal and insecticidal actions and have pharmacological power. Eucalyptus grandis is the most cultivated species in Brazil. Its leaves are normally discarded as waste during harvesting and mechanical wood processing. Due to the large volume generated, they are materials with great study potential. One of its applications, already studied for medicinal purposes, is to obtain essential oils, however, it is a robust and low-profit methodology. In this way, it outlines the opportunity to expand studies in relation to this byproduct. The objective of this work is to study the influence of convective drying of E. grandis leaves, in a fixed bed, evaluate the influence on the obtaining of phenolic and antioxidant compounds and carry out the chemical and microbiological characterization of the extracts obtained by maceration and ultrasound extraction. To evaluate the influence of drying, a central rotational composite design was used with air temperature varying between 45.9 and 74.1ºC and air speed varying between 0.77 and 1.62 m.s-1. Regarding the content of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (AA) against the DPPH radical, the values found for the fresh leaf were 3.61 ± 0.98 mgEAG.gss-1 and 35.16 ± 2.15%, For dry leaves, the values obtained were 15.36 ± 5 mgEAG.gss-1 and 92.49 ± 4.33% respectively. When evaluating drying kinetics, only the period corresponding to the decreasing drying rate was verified. The statistical analysis showed that in relation to the percentage of loss of total phenolic compound content and the percentage of loss of antioxidant activity, none of the variables had a significant statistical influence. The leaves dried in the optimized condition of the drying operation were used to obtain phenolic extracts through two methods: maceration and ultrasound with a time of 30 min, obtaining results of CF 16.39 ± 1.50 mg EAG.gss-1 and 15 .07 ± 0.84 mg EAG.gss-1 and AA of 92.50 and 93.30%, respectively. A comparison was also made in relation to the ultrasound extraction time, in 5 min, with results of CF 11.77 ± 0.84 mg EAG.gss-1 and 93.25 ± 0.28% AA. The statistical results indicated that there is no significant difference between 5 or 30 min in ultrasound extraction for phenolic compounds, however, for antioxidant activity this variation was significant. Therefore, a time of 5 minutes was chosen. The extract was characterized by HPLC, finding verbascoside (8.11±0.6 mg.g-1) and quercetin (0.47±0.26 mg.g-1) as the main compounds. The E. grandis leaf extract showed antimicrobial activity against strains of E. coli and S. coccus, with MIC 6 mg.L-1 and CMB 8 mg.L-1 for both. This work demonstrates that E. grandis leaves have the capacity to provide extracts with bioactive and antimicrobial potential, enhanced with the drying operation, becoming a sustainable source to be explored by the industry.
Descrição
Dissertação (Mestrado)
Palavras-chave
Compostos bioativos, Atividade antioxidante, Atividade antimicrobiana, Extratos vegetais, Secagem convectiva, Bioactive compounds, Antioxidant activity, Plant extracts, Convective drying
Citação
LAUERMANN, Bruna. Influência das condições de secagem em leito fixo nas folhas de Eucalyptus grandis para obtenção de extratos bioativos. 2023. 84 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 2023.
