Fermentação alcoólica: caracterização química e degradação de micotoxinas
Resumo
A cerveja é a bebida alcoólica mais consumida no Brasil e no mundo. Portanto, as matérias-
primas utilizadas em sua produção devem apresentar boa qualidade. Entretanto, os insumos
cervejeiros podem ser comprometidos pela presença de contaminantes como as micotoxinas,
deoxinivalenol (DON) e 15-acetil-deoxinivalenol (15-ADON). A redução da concentração
destes contaminantes pode ser resultado de processos físicos como a adsorção da micotoxina
pela parede da levedura ou reações metabólicas de transformação de xenobióticos no meio.
Assim, o mecanismo de defesa usual da levedura pode ocorrer pela ativação de sistemas
enzimáticos, como a glutationa (GSH) e a peroxidase (PO). Diante o exposto, o presente
estudo teve como objetivo investigar os mecanismos nos quais a levedura Saccharomyces
cerevisiae atua como agente biológico na descontaminação de DON e 15-ADON. Para o
desenvolvimento deste, utilizou-se a fermentação alcoólica, avaliando a ausência e a presença
de DON e 15-ADON, nas concentrações de 0,2 (tratamento 1) e 0,8 μg/mL (tratamento 2),
quando adicionados em 200 mL de mosto cervejeiro. A fermentação foi conduzida
adicionando à levedura S. cerevisiae US-05 (0,115 g) ao mosto cervejeiro e após foi mantida
em câmara incubadora a 19 ºC por 96 h. Amostragens foram realizadas cada 24 h para a
caracterização bioquímica, cinética e físico-química, além de avaliação da morfologia das
células da levedura, espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) e extração e
quantificação de DON e 15-ADON. Os resultados indicaram que o método QuEChERS
empregado na quantificação das micotoxinas demonstrou eficiência nas recuperações de DON
(105%) e 15-ADON (89%). Durante a fermentação alcoólica foi observado a redução da
concentração de DON e 15-ADON, 33 e 56%, respectivamente, em 48 h para o tratamento 1,
e 41 e 27%, respectivamente, para o tratamento 2 em 72 h. A concentração de biomassa, após
72 h de fermentação, na presença de DON e 15-ADON em ambos os tratamentos, apresentou
redução de 36 e 28%, respectivamente, em comparação ao controle. Todas as reduções estão
relacionadas à atividade enzimática da PO e a presença de GSH, concomitante a elevação da
síntese proteica. As células de levedura no tempo final de fermentação para os tratamentos 1 e
2 apresentaram alterações morfológicas na parede celular da levedura quando comparado ao
controle. A PCA e o RMN confirmaram a correlação entre os parâmetros fermentativos
estudados e a contaminação por DON e 15-ADON durante o processo fermentativo alcoólico.
Portanto, as alterações promovidas pela presença de DON e 15-ADON evidenciaram a
sensibilidade da levedura S. cerevisiae quanto à toxicidade, sendo este um micro-organismo
mitigador de DON e 15-ADON.
Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in Brazil and in the world. Therefore, the raw materials used in its production must be of good quality. However, brewing supplies can be compromised by the presence of contaminants such as mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON). The reduction in the concentration of these contaminants can be the result of physical processes such as mycotoxin adsorption by the yeast wall or metabolic reactions of transformation of xenobiotics in the medium. Thus, the usual defense mechanism of yeast can occur through the activation of enzymatic systems, such as glutathione (GSH) and peroxidase (PO). Given the above, the present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms in which the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae acts as a biological agent in the decontamination of DON and 15-ADON. For its development, alcoholic fermentation was used, evaluating the absence and presence of DON and 15-ADON, in concentrations of 0.2 (treatment 1) and 0.8 μg/mL (treatment 2), when added in 200 mL of brewing must. The fermentation was carried out by adding S. cerevisiae US-05 (0.115 g) to the brewing must and afterwards it was kept in an incubator at 19 ºC for 96 h. Sampling was carried out every 24 h for the biochemical, kinetic and physical-chemical characterization, in addition to the evaluation of yeast cell morphology, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and the extraction and quantification of DON and 15-ADON. The results indicated that the QuEChERS method used in the quantification of mycotoxins demonstrated efficiency in the recovery of DON (105%) and 15-ADON (89%). During alcoholic fermentation, a reduction in the concentration of DON and 15-ADON was observed, 33 and 56%, respectively, in 48 h for treatment 1, and 41 and 27%, respectively, for treatment 2 in 72 h. The concentration of biomass, after 72 h of fermentation, in the presence of DON and 15-ADON in both treatments, showed a reduction of 36 and 28%, respectively, compared to the control. All reductions are related to the enzymatic activity of PO and the presence of GSH, concomitant to the increase in protein synthesis. Yeast cells in the final fermentation time for treatments 1 and 2 showed morphological changes in the yeast cell wall when compared to the control. PCA and NMR confirmed the correlation between the studied fermentative parameters and contamination by DON and 15-ADON during the alcoholic fermentation process. Therefore, the changes promoted by the presence of DON and 15- ADON showed the sensitivity of the yeast S. cerevisiae to toxicity, which is a microorganism that mitigates DON and 15-ADON.
Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in Brazil and in the world. Therefore, the raw materials used in its production must be of good quality. However, brewing supplies can be compromised by the presence of contaminants such as mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON). The reduction in the concentration of these contaminants can be the result of physical processes such as mycotoxin adsorption by the yeast wall or metabolic reactions of transformation of xenobiotics in the medium. Thus, the usual defense mechanism of yeast can occur through the activation of enzymatic systems, such as glutathione (GSH) and peroxidase (PO). Given the above, the present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms in which the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae acts as a biological agent in the decontamination of DON and 15-ADON. For its development, alcoholic fermentation was used, evaluating the absence and presence of DON and 15-ADON, in concentrations of 0.2 (treatment 1) and 0.8 μg/mL (treatment 2), when added in 200 mL of brewing must. The fermentation was carried out by adding S. cerevisiae US-05 (0.115 g) to the brewing must and afterwards it was kept in an incubator at 19 ºC for 96 h. Sampling was carried out every 24 h for the biochemical, kinetic and physical-chemical characterization, in addition to the evaluation of yeast cell morphology, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and the extraction and quantification of DON and 15-ADON. The results indicated that the QuEChERS method used in the quantification of mycotoxins demonstrated efficiency in the recovery of DON (105%) and 15-ADON (89%). During alcoholic fermentation, a reduction in the concentration of DON and 15-ADON was observed, 33 and 56%, respectively, in 48 h for treatment 1, and 41 and 27%, respectively, for treatment 2 in 72 h. The concentration of biomass, after 72 h of fermentation, in the presence of DON and 15-ADON in both treatments, showed a reduction of 36 and 28%, respectively, compared to the control. All reductions are related to the enzymatic activity of PO and the presence of GSH, concomitant to the increase in protein synthesis. Yeast cells in the final fermentation time for treatments 1 and 2 showed morphological changes in the yeast cell wall when compared to the control. PCA and NMR confirmed the correlation between the studied fermentative parameters and contamination by DON and 15-ADON during the alcoholic fermentation process. Therefore, the changes promoted by the presence of DON and 15- ADON showed the sensitivity of the yeast S. cerevisiae to toxicity, which is a microorganism that mitigates DON and 15-ADON.
Descrição
Dissertação (Mestrado)
Palavras-chave
Detoxificação, Micotoxinas, Tricotecenos, QuEChERS, Mosto cervejeiro, Detoxification, Mycotoxins, Trichothecenes, Brewing wort
Citação
ACOSTA, Eliza Rodrigues. Fermentação alcoólica: caracterização química e degradação de micotoxinas. 2020. 108 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos) - Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 2020.
