Obtenção de concentrado proteico do bagaço de malte através da extração assistida por ultrassom
Resumo
O bagaço de malte (BM) é um importante subproduto da indústria cervejeira, este é gerado em
grandes quantidades ao longo do ano, representando aproximadamente 85% do total de
subprodutos obtidos. Devido a sua composição apresentar elevados teores de fibras e proteínas,
associado ainda ao seu baixo custo, ampla disponibilidade ao longo do ano e valiosa
composição química, o BM torna-se um interessante produto para a aplicação na indústria de
alimentos. As proteínas são indispensáveis à saúde humana, e podem ser extraídas por
diferentes métodos. Nesse contexto, o ultrassom (US) vêm sendo empregado para a extração
de proteínas de matrizes vegetais, com intuito de facilitar a extração através da cavitação gerada
na parece celular da matriz pelas ondas ultrassônicas. Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi
obter um concentrado proteico do BM através da extração assistida por US seguido com o
método de precipitação no ponto isoelétrico, e caracterizar o concentrado quanto à sua
composição química, propriedades funcionais, digestibilidade proteica e estabilidade térmica.
O ponto isoelétrico das proteínas do BM foi determinado em pH 3. Através de um planejamento
experimental DCC 2
3
, os parâmetros da sonda ultrassônica como pré-tratamento do BM, para
maximizar a extração de proteínas, foram padronizados em tempo de extração de 10 min,
potência do equipamento de 550 W e razão sólido:solvente (p v
-1
) em 1:45. Por meio das
imagens obtidas pela microscopia eletrônica de varredura do BM pós US, observou-se o
rompimento de sua estrutura fibrosa. Após a extração assistida por US, as proteínas foram
concentradas e liofilizadas. O concentrado proteico obtido apresentou um teor de 48,3 ± 0,8%
de proteínas, com rendimento em massa de 30,5% e rendimento da extração de 62,7%, sendo
que a maior fração proteica do concentrado foram as gluteninas. A solubilidade proteica
alcançou 90,1 e 86,2% em pH 2 e 10, respectivamente. O índice de emulsificação em pH 10,0
foi de 72,9 m2
g
- 1 A capacidade de retenção de água (8,89 ± 0,27 g g-1
) foi maior que a
capacidade de retenção de óleo (6,56 ± 0,76 g g-1
), indicando que o ultrassom causou mudanças
conformacionais que pode ter exposto grupos hidrofílicos da proteína. A capacidade de
formação de espuma foi de 42,5 ± 2,3% e a estabilidade da espuma de 98,4 ± 1,6%. A
digestibilidade do concentrado proteico apresentou 86,6 ± 2,3%, indicando ser uma ótima fonte
de proteína vegetal para alimentação humana, visto que este grupo de proteínas apresentam
baixa digestibilidade quando comparada às proteínas lácteas, por exemplo. A entalpia de
desnaturação de 49,63 J g-1
, indica uma boa estabilidade térmica. O pré-tratamento do BM com
ultrassom pode melhorar a extração proteica, diminuindo o tempo de extração e o uso de
reagentes. Além disso, o concentrado proteico apresentou boas propriedades funcionais,
facilitando a introdução e o uso deste tipo de proteína na indústria de alimentos.
Malt bagasse (BM) is an important by-product of the brewing industry, it is generated in large quantities throughout the year, representing approximately 85% of the total by-products obtained. Due to its composition with high fiber and protein contents, associated with its low cost, wide availability throughout the year and valuable chemical composition, BM becomes an interesting product for application in the food industry. Proteins are essential for human health and can be extracted by different methods. In this context, ultrasound (US) has been used for the extraction of proteins from plant matrices, to facilitate extraction through the cavitation generated in the cell wall of the matrix by ultrasonic waves. Thus, the aim of this study was to obtain a protein concentrate from BM through US-assisted extraction followed with the precipitation method at the isoelectric point, and to characterize the concentrate as to its chemical composition, functional properties, protein digestibility and thermal stability. The isoelectric point of the BM proteins was determined at pH 3. Through an experimental design DCC 23 , the parameters of the ultrasonic probe as a pre-treatment of the BM, to maximize the protein extraction, were standardized in an extraction time of 10 min, equipment power of 550 W and solid:solvent ratio (p v -1 ) at 1:45. Through the images obtained by scanning electron microscopy of the BM after US, the rupture of its fibrous structure was observed. After US- assisted extraction, proteins were concentrated and lyophilized. The protein concentrate obtained had a protein content of 48.3 ± 0.8%, with a mass yield of 30,5% and extraction yield of 62,7%, with the largest protein fraction of the concentrate being glutenins. Protein solubility reached 90.1 and 86.2% at pH 2 and 10, respectively. The emulsification index at pH 10.0 was 72.9 m2 g - 1 The water holding capacity (8,89 ± 0,27 g g-1 ) was greater than the oil holding capacity (6,56 ± 0,76 g g-1 ), indicating that the ultrasound caused conformational changes that might have exposed hydrophilic groups of the protein. The foaming ability was 42,5 ± 2,3% and the foam stability was 98,4 ± 1,6%. The digestibility of the protein concentrate showed 86,6 ± 2,3%, indicating that it is an excellent source of vegetable protein for human consumption, as this group of proteins has low digestibility when compared to dairy proteins, for example. The denaturation enthalpy of 49,63 J g -1 indicates good thermal stability. Pretreatment of BM with ultrasound can improve protein extraction, decreasing extraction time and the use of reagents. In addition, the protein concentrate showed good functional properties, facilitating the introduction and use of this type of protein in the food industry.
Malt bagasse (BM) is an important by-product of the brewing industry, it is generated in large quantities throughout the year, representing approximately 85% of the total by-products obtained. Due to its composition with high fiber and protein contents, associated with its low cost, wide availability throughout the year and valuable chemical composition, BM becomes an interesting product for application in the food industry. Proteins are essential for human health and can be extracted by different methods. In this context, ultrasound (US) has been used for the extraction of proteins from plant matrices, to facilitate extraction through the cavitation generated in the cell wall of the matrix by ultrasonic waves. Thus, the aim of this study was to obtain a protein concentrate from BM through US-assisted extraction followed with the precipitation method at the isoelectric point, and to characterize the concentrate as to its chemical composition, functional properties, protein digestibility and thermal stability. The isoelectric point of the BM proteins was determined at pH 3. Through an experimental design DCC 23 , the parameters of the ultrasonic probe as a pre-treatment of the BM, to maximize the protein extraction, were standardized in an extraction time of 10 min, equipment power of 550 W and solid:solvent ratio (p v -1 ) at 1:45. Through the images obtained by scanning electron microscopy of the BM after US, the rupture of its fibrous structure was observed. After US- assisted extraction, proteins were concentrated and lyophilized. The protein concentrate obtained had a protein content of 48.3 ± 0.8%, with a mass yield of 30,5% and extraction yield of 62,7%, with the largest protein fraction of the concentrate being glutenins. Protein solubility reached 90.1 and 86.2% at pH 2 and 10, respectively. The emulsification index at pH 10.0 was 72.9 m2 g - 1 The water holding capacity (8,89 ± 0,27 g g-1 ) was greater than the oil holding capacity (6,56 ± 0,76 g g-1 ), indicating that the ultrasound caused conformational changes that might have exposed hydrophilic groups of the protein. The foaming ability was 42,5 ± 2,3% and the foam stability was 98,4 ± 1,6%. The digestibility of the protein concentrate showed 86,6 ± 2,3%, indicating that it is an excellent source of vegetable protein for human consumption, as this group of proteins has low digestibility when compared to dairy proteins, for example. The denaturation enthalpy of 49,63 J g -1 indicates good thermal stability. Pretreatment of BM with ultrasound can improve protein extraction, decreasing extraction time and the use of reagents. In addition, the protein concentrate showed good functional properties, facilitating the introduction and use of this type of protein in the food industry.
Descrição
Dissertação (Mestrado)
Palavras-chave
Sonicação, Resíduo cervejeiro, Concentrado proteico, Propriedades funcionais, Sonication, Beer residue, Protein concentrate, Functional properties
Citação
PAULA, Mariane de. Obtenção de concentrado proteico do bagaço de malte através da extração assistida por ultrassom. 2021. 78 f. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 2021.
