Alfabetização científica e o ensino de ciências nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental: uma investigação no currículo, processo formativo e vozes dos professores e gestores
Resumo
O campo do Ensino de Ciências (EC) apresenta-se como um espaço/tempo propício para desenvolver autonomia, reflexão crítica sobre os acontecimentos científicos, assim como balizar os sujeitos na tomada de decisões fundamentadas. Para tal, torna-se necessário que o ensino ultrapasse a dimensão tradicional abarcando pressupostos da Alfabetização Científica (AC), dentre outros. Nessa perspectiva, este estudo buscou responder a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: O que se mostra de Alfabetização Científica e do Ensino de Ciências nas concepções e práticas do currículo da Rede Municipal da cidade de Bagé, bem como, de que forma ela se apresenta nas vozes dos gestores e professores atuantes no contexto dos Anos Iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Para tal, o objetivo geral consistiu em compreender como a Alfabetização Científica e o Ensino de Ciências são concebidos na dimensão curricular da Rede Municipal de Bagé, bem como na prática e no discurso tanto dos gestores da Secretaria e Conselho Municipal de Educação quanto dos professores dos Anos Iniciais das Escolas Municipais de Ensino Fundamental. O plano metodológico configurou-se de cunho qualitativo por um viés exploratório seguido da pesquisa-ação, no qual ampliamos a familiaridade com os currículos normativos, bem como com vozes e ações dos sujeitos da pesquisa, levantando informações e concepções acerca do fenômeno da Alfabetização Científica e das Ciências nos primeiros anos da escolarização. O método no qual, a priori, percebeu-se pertinente foi a pesquisa documental junto aos currículos normativos local (DOM) e de abrangência nacional (BNCC), revisão bibliográfica e formação Continuada/ Cursos/Oficinas Pedagógicas com a temática da AC e Ciências nos anos iniciais ofertadas pela Secretaria Municipal de Educação e com proposição da professora-pesquisadora. Também fez parte do corpus empírico as entrevistas semiestruturadas com os professores gestores da rede municipal. Para a realização da análise das informações os resultados foram apresentados e balizados pela Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD) e os pressupostos da Teoria Histórico-Cultural (THC). A partir dos resultados obtidos nos diferentes eixos pesquisados, percebeu- se com as publicações da comunidade acadêmica, bem como com as formações ofertadas pela SMED e o documento delineado em período pandêmico sobre os objetos de conhecimento, uma incipiência quantitativa e qualitativa acerca da temática investigada, qual seja o EC com vistas a AC, havendo necessidade de investimento em pesquisas e formações nesses campos. Através das entrevistas realizadas com as gestoras foi possível entender sobre o DOM: sentimentos, constituição e condicionalidades; as Ciências da Natureza no contexto dos Anos Iniciais, e também, o perfil dos professores atuantes nos Anos Iniciais da rede. O olhar investigativo e analítico sobre a abordagem teórico-metodológica do DOM potencializaram a compreensão de que as habilidades delineadas no documento curricular junto aos objetos de conhecimento apresentam um sentido de: Conceitos de Funcionalidade; Espontâneos/Experienciais; Relacionais/Humanísticos; e, a conceitos Representacionais/Procedimentais. A Oficina Pedagógica foi interpretada e apresentada em Categorias emergentes assim nomeadas: Os desafios na Formação e Prática Docente; o Papel das Ciências/AC no desenvolvimento de Habilidades e Competências; e as Práticas Pedagógicas no Ensino de Ciências e Estratégias de contorno diante das limitações. Por fim, com as ações desenvolvidas, fundamentalmente nos aspectos epistemológicos do currículo e da formação docente, compreendeu-se que o EC via abordagem da AC apresenta potencial frente ao desenvolvimento de Funções Mentais Superiores (FMS) como capacidades humanas a serem constituídas desde o início da escolarização.
The field of Science Education (CE) presents itself as a space/time conducive to developing autonomy, critical reflection on scientific events, as well as guiding subjects in making informed decisions. To this end, it is necessary for teaching to go beyond the traditional dimension, encompassing assumptions of Scientific Literacy (SC), among others. From this perspective, this study sought to answer the following research question: What is shown of Scientific Literacy and Science Education in the conceptions and practices of the curriculum of the Municipal Network of the city of Bagé, as well as how it is presented in the voices of managers and teachers working in the context of the Initial Years of Elementary Education. To this end, the general objective was to understand how Scientific Literacy and Science Teaching are conceived in the curricular dimension of the Municipal Network of Bagé, as well as in the practice and discourse of both the managers of the Secretariat and Municipal Council of Education and the teachers of the Initial Years of the Municipal Elementary Schools. The methodological plan was configured of a qualitative nature with an exploratory bias followed by action research, in which we expanded familiarity with the normative curricula, as well as with the voices and actions of the research subjects, gathering information and conceptions about the phenomenon of Scientific Literacy and Sciences in the first years of schooling. The method that, a priori, was perceived as pertinent was documentary research with the local normative curricula (DOM) and of national scope (BNCC), bibliographic review and Continuing Education/Courses/Pedagogical Workshops with the theme of AC and Sciences in the initial years offered by the Municipal Secretariat of Education and with the proposal of the teacher-researcher. The semi-structured interviews with the municipal school network's management teachers were also part of the empirical corpus. To carry out the analysis of the information, the results were presented and guided by Discursive Textual Analysis (DTA) and the assumptions of Historical-Cultural Theory (THC). Based on the results obtained in the different researched axes, it was noticed with the publications of the academic community, as well as with the training offered by SMED and the document outlined in the pandemic period on the objects of knowledge, a quantitative and qualitative incipience regarding the investigated theme, which is the EC with a view to AC, there being a need for investment in research and training in these fields. Through the interviews conducted with the managers, it was possible to understand about the DOM: feelings, constitution and conditionalities; Natural Sciences in the context of the Initial Years, and also, the profile of the teachers working in the Initial Years of the network. The investigative and analytical look at the theoretical-methodological approach of the DOM enhanced the understanding that the skills outlined in the curricular document together with the objects of knowledge present a sense of: Concepts of Functionality; Spontaneous/Experiential; Relational/Humanistic; and, Representational/Procedural concepts. The pedagogical workshop was interpreted and presented in emerging categories named as follows: Challenges in Teaching Practice and Training; the Role of Science/AC in the Development of Skills and Competencies; and Pedagogical Practices in Science Teaching and Strategies to Overcome Limitations. Finally, with the actions developed, fundamentally in the epistemological aspects of the curriculum and teacher training, it was understood that EC via the AC approach has potential for the development of Higher Mental Functions (SMF) as human capabilities to be established from the beginning of schooling.
The field of Science Education (CE) presents itself as a space/time conducive to developing autonomy, critical reflection on scientific events, as well as guiding subjects in making informed decisions. To this end, it is necessary for teaching to go beyond the traditional dimension, encompassing assumptions of Scientific Literacy (SC), among others. From this perspective, this study sought to answer the following research question: What is shown of Scientific Literacy and Science Education in the conceptions and practices of the curriculum of the Municipal Network of the city of Bagé, as well as how it is presented in the voices of managers and teachers working in the context of the Initial Years of Elementary Education. To this end, the general objective was to understand how Scientific Literacy and Science Teaching are conceived in the curricular dimension of the Municipal Network of Bagé, as well as in the practice and discourse of both the managers of the Secretariat and Municipal Council of Education and the teachers of the Initial Years of the Municipal Elementary Schools. The methodological plan was configured of a qualitative nature with an exploratory bias followed by action research, in which we expanded familiarity with the normative curricula, as well as with the voices and actions of the research subjects, gathering information and conceptions about the phenomenon of Scientific Literacy and Sciences in the first years of schooling. The method that, a priori, was perceived as pertinent was documentary research with the local normative curricula (DOM) and of national scope (BNCC), bibliographic review and Continuing Education/Courses/Pedagogical Workshops with the theme of AC and Sciences in the initial years offered by the Municipal Secretariat of Education and with the proposal of the teacher-researcher. The semi-structured interviews with the municipal school network's management teachers were also part of the empirical corpus. To carry out the analysis of the information, the results were presented and guided by Discursive Textual Analysis (DTA) and the assumptions of Historical-Cultural Theory (THC). Based on the results obtained in the different researched axes, it was noticed with the publications of the academic community, as well as with the training offered by SMED and the document outlined in the pandemic period on the objects of knowledge, a quantitative and qualitative incipience regarding the investigated theme, which is the EC with a view to AC, there being a need for investment in research and training in these fields. Through the interviews conducted with the managers, it was possible to understand about the DOM: feelings, constitution and conditionalities; Natural Sciences in the context of the Initial Years, and also, the profile of the teachers working in the Initial Years of the network. The investigative and analytical look at the theoretical-methodological approach of the DOM enhanced the understanding that the skills outlined in the curricular document together with the objects of knowledge present a sense of: Concepts of Functionality; Spontaneous/Experiential; Relational/Humanistic; and, Representational/Procedural concepts. The pedagogical workshop was interpreted and presented in emerging categories named as follows: Challenges in Teaching Practice and Training; the Role of Science/AC in the Development of Skills and Competencies; and Pedagogical Practices in Science Teaching and Strategies to Overcome Limitations. Finally, with the actions developed, fundamentally in the epistemological aspects of the curriculum and teacher training, it was understood that EC via the AC approach has potential for the development of Higher Mental Functions (SMF) as human capabilities to be established from the beginning of schooling.
Descrição
Tese (doutorado)
Palavras-chave
Habilidades como capacidades humanas, Funções mentais superiores, Desenvolvimento profissional docente, Skills as human capacities, Higher mental functions, Professional development of teachers
Citação
ALTNETTER, Bruna Roman Nunes. Alfabetização científica e o ensino de ciências nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental: uma investigação no currículo, processo formativo e vozes dos professores e gestores. 2024. 339f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação em Ciências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 2024.
