Cinética e termodinâmica da secagem convectiva de filmes de Quitosana
Resumo
Os filmes biopoliméricos têm sido o objeto de estudo em muitas pesquisas por
apresentarem vantagens, como a substituição dos polímeros derivados do petróleo. A
quitosana é um biopolímero obtido a partir da quitina presente no exoesqueletos de
crustáceos, como o camarão, e o processo de produção dos filmes de quitosana consiste
na sua dissolução, e posteriormente, a etapa de secagem. O presente trabalho teve por
objetivo estudar a secagem convectiva em camada delgada dos filmes de quitosana, por
meio das curvas experimentais, determinação das propriedades físicas e de transporte
dos filmes durante a operação, e avaliação das propriedades termodinâmicas através das
isotermas de sorção de umidade. Para o estudo da cinética de secagem foi utilizado um
secador de convecção forçada com velocidades do ar de 0,3 e 0,9 m s-1
e as
temperaturas de secagem de 30, 40 e 50°C, sendo a umidade absoluta constante de
0,012 kg kg-1
. Os experimentos das isotermas de sorção foram realizados pelo método
gravimétrico estático, com atividade de água de 0,041 a 0,89, nas temperaturas de 20 a
50 °C. O modelo GAB foi o que melhor representou as curvas experimentais de
isotermas de sorção, sendo utilizado para o cálculo das propriedades termodinâmicas. O
calor isostérico de sorção aumentou com a diminuição da atividade de água, mostrando
a forte interação água-polímero da monocamada. A temperatura isocinética foi maior
que a temperatura média harmônica, sugerindo que os processos de sorção foram
controlados pela entalpia. O tamanho médio de poro (rp) dos filmes de quitosana foi na
faixa de 0,7 a 22 nm, sendo classificado como um material com microporos e
mesoporos. Com relação a cinética de secagem, a taxa constante foi predominante,
obtendo-se taxa constante 2,5 vezes maior com o aumento de temperatura de 30 para
50°C. A constante de secagem (K) aumentou com a temperatura, atingindo o maior
valor em var = 0,9 m s-1
e 50 ° C. A espessura do filme de quitosana apresentou
comportamento linear com a umidade, sendo a espessura final do filme seco em torno
de 0,095 mm. A difusividade efetiva volumétrica média (Defm) variou de 1,55 a 3,59
×10-12 m2
s
-1
, com os maiores valores de Defm para temperatura de 50°C. O número de
Biot de massa apresentou-se menor que 30 para a 1ª fase decrescente, sugerindo que o
processo foi controlado pelo transporte convectivo de umidade. Em relação às
propriedades dos filmes, observou-se que o aumento da var para 0,9 m s-1
não ocasionou
diferença significativa (p<0,05) para resistência à tração (RT), alongamento (A) e
permeabilidade ao vapor de água (PVA). A solubilidade dos filmes diminuiu com o
aumento da temperatura, sugerindo que a secagem a 50°C produziu uma matriz
polimérica com menor disponibilidade dos grupos hidrofílicos do glicerol, como
mostrado na análise estrutural da superfície dos filmes. Baseado nos resultados sugerese que os filmes sejam secos a temperaturas de 40 ou 50°C e var de 0,9 m s-1
possibilitando menor tempo de secagem, sem que ocorram alterações nas propriedades
dos filmes (RT, A e PVA).
The biopolymers films have been the object of study in many research because they have advantages such as the replacement of petroleum-derived polymers. Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from chitin, which is present in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, such as shrimp, and the production of the chitosan films consists in dissolving, and subsequently drying step. The aim of this work was to study the convective drying in thin layer of chitosan films by means of experimental curves, the determination of physical and transport properties of the films during the operation, and the evaluation of thermodynamic properties by moisture sorption isotherms. To study the drying kinetics was used a convective dryer with air velocities of 0.3-0.9 m s-1 , and drying temperatures of 30, 40 and 50°C, with absolute humidity of 0.012 kg kg-1 . The experiments of sorption isotherms were performed by the static method, with water activity from 0.041 to 0.89 at 20, 30, 40 and 50°C. The GAB model was that best represented the experimental curves of sorption isotherms, and it was used to calculate the thermodynamic properties. The isosteric heat of sorption increased with the decrease of water activity, showing the strong interaction water-polymer monolayer. The isokinetic temperature was higher than the harmonic mean temperature, suggesting the sorption processes were controlled by enthalpy. The average pore size (rp) of chitosan films was in the range from 0.7 to 22 nm, being classified as a material with micropores and mesopores. Regarding the drying kinetics, the constant rate was predominant, obtaining constant rate 2.5 times higher with increased temperature of 30 to 50 ° C. The drying constant (K) increased with temperature, reaching the highest value vair = 0.9 m s-1 and 50 ° C. The thickness showed a linear behavior with moisture in the chitosan film, and the final dry film thickness was around 0.095 mm. The average volumetric effective diffusivity (Defm) ranged from 1.55 to 3.59 × 10-12 m2 s -1 , with the highest values of Defm for temperature of 50 ° C. The number of mass Biot was lower than 30 for the 1ª decreasing phase, suggesting that the process was controlled by the convective transport of moisture. Regarding the film properties, it was observed that increasing vair to 0.9 m s -1 did not cause significant difference (p <0.05) at tensile strength (RT), elongation (A) and vapor permeability water (PVA). The solubility of the films decreased with increasing temperature, suggesting that drying at 50 ° C produced a polymer matrix with less availability of glycerol hydrophilic groups as shown in structural analysis of the surface of the films. Based on the results it is suggested that the films are dried at temperatures of 40 to 50 ° C and var 0.9 m s-1 allowing shorter drying time, without the occurrence of changes in film properties (RT, A and PVA).
The biopolymers films have been the object of study in many research because they have advantages such as the replacement of petroleum-derived polymers. Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from chitin, which is present in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, such as shrimp, and the production of the chitosan films consists in dissolving, and subsequently drying step. The aim of this work was to study the convective drying in thin layer of chitosan films by means of experimental curves, the determination of physical and transport properties of the films during the operation, and the evaluation of thermodynamic properties by moisture sorption isotherms. To study the drying kinetics was used a convective dryer with air velocities of 0.3-0.9 m s-1 , and drying temperatures of 30, 40 and 50°C, with absolute humidity of 0.012 kg kg-1 . The experiments of sorption isotherms were performed by the static method, with water activity from 0.041 to 0.89 at 20, 30, 40 and 50°C. The GAB model was that best represented the experimental curves of sorption isotherms, and it was used to calculate the thermodynamic properties. The isosteric heat of sorption increased with the decrease of water activity, showing the strong interaction water-polymer monolayer. The isokinetic temperature was higher than the harmonic mean temperature, suggesting the sorption processes were controlled by enthalpy. The average pore size (rp) of chitosan films was in the range from 0.7 to 22 nm, being classified as a material with micropores and mesopores. Regarding the drying kinetics, the constant rate was predominant, obtaining constant rate 2.5 times higher with increased temperature of 30 to 50 ° C. The drying constant (K) increased with temperature, reaching the highest value vair = 0.9 m s-1 and 50 ° C. The thickness showed a linear behavior with moisture in the chitosan film, and the final dry film thickness was around 0.095 mm. The average volumetric effective diffusivity (Defm) ranged from 1.55 to 3.59 × 10-12 m2 s -1 , with the highest values of Defm for temperature of 50 ° C. The number of mass Biot was lower than 30 for the 1ª decreasing phase, suggesting that the process was controlled by the convective transport of moisture. Regarding the film properties, it was observed that increasing vair to 0.9 m s -1 did not cause significant difference (p <0.05) at tensile strength (RT), elongation (A) and vapor permeability water (PVA). The solubility of the films decreased with increasing temperature, suggesting that drying at 50 ° C produced a polymer matrix with less availability of glycerol hydrophilic groups as shown in structural analysis of the surface of the films. Based on the results it is suggested that the films are dried at temperatures of 40 to 50 ° C and var 0.9 m s-1 allowing shorter drying time, without the occurrence of changes in film properties (RT, A and PVA).
Descrição
Dissertação (Mestrado)
Palavras-chave
Difusividade efetiva volumétrica, Isoterma de sorção, Biopolímero, Microporos, Calor isostérico de sorção, Biot de massa, Volumetric effective diffusivity, Sorption isotherm, Biopolymer, Micropores, Isosteric heat of sorption, Mass Bio
Citação
MONTE, Micheli Legemann. Cinética e termodinâmica da secagem convectiva de filmes de Quitosana. 2016. 104 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos) - Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 2016.
