Efeitos fisiológicos e bioquímicos da contaminação por nanopartículas de prata isoladas e coexpostas ao arsênio e a sensibilidade dos ensaios toxicológicos
Resumo
Ensaios toxicológicos bioquímicos estão entre os métodos de avaliação
de toxicidade mais utilizados e de fato existe uma gama muito ampla de
biomarcadores que podem ser utilizados na avaliação dos efeitos tóxicos
causados pelos mais diversos tipos de contaminantes ambientais. Porém para
que estas análises reflitam com fidelidade o impacto causado por estes
contaminantes é necessário que todas as etapas de investigação estejam bem
fundamentadas e padronizadas. Neste sentido, para pesquisadores que
trabalham com espécies como o nematoide de vida livre Caenorhabditis elegans
é essencial que etapas básicas como a estimativa do número de animais a ser
utilizada nos experimentos esteja bem padronizada, porém o método de
estimativa padrão (método da gota) apresenta um alto coeficiente de variação
entre as replicatas. Com o objetivo de aprimorar este procedimento e promover
maior sensibilidade aos testes de toxicidade o primeiro capítulo da presente tese
apresenta uma alternativa viável para resolver este problema. O método
estimativo circular - CEM (do inglês circular estimate method) apresenta
coeficiente de variação entre réplicas muito abaixo do método padrão, além de
suas estimativas serem muito mais acuradas e precisas. O segundo capítulo
aborda a sensibilidade dos ensaios toxicológicos com organismos ao passo que
os testes de toxicidade padrões adotados pelas agências de regulamentação
normalmente abrangem apenas uma geração. Desta forma a adoção de ensaios
multigeracionais a fim de melhor avaliar o efeito de contaminantes é sugerido.
Neste trabalho, nematoides foram expostos a arsênio, nanopartículas de prata e
a interação entre estes dois contaminantes em concentrações ambientalmente
relevantes durante 5 gerações. Além disso, o citrato usado como estabilizante e
o nitrato de prata usado na síntese de nanopartículas também foram avaliados.
Parâmetros bioquímicos como biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo,
peroxidação lipídica e enzimas antioxidantes foram avaliados. Somado a isto,
parâmetros fisiológicos como fertilidade, reprodução e crescimento também
foram avaliados. Os resultados indicam que a coexposição com as
nanopartículas de prata influenciam negativamente no perfil de toxicidade do
arsênio e sugerem que ensaios realizados em apenas uma geração podem não
refletir adequadamente os desafios enfrentados pelos organismos quando
expostos a contaminantes durante longos períodos.
Biochemical toxicological tests are among the most widely used toxicity assessment methods and there is in fact a very wide range of biomarkers that can be used to assess the toxic effects of various types of environmental contaminants. However, for these analyzes to faithfully reflect the impact caused by these contaminants, it is necessary that all stages of research are well founded and standardized. In this sense, for researchers working with species such as the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans it is essential that basic steps such as estimating the number of animals to be used in the experiments are well standardized, but the standard estimation method (drop method) presents a high coefficient of variation among the replicates. In order to improve this procedure and promote greater sensitivity to toxicity tests, the first chapter of this thesis presents a viable alternative to solve this problem. The circular estimation method (CEM) presents a coefficient of variation between replicates well below the standard method, in addition to its much more accurate and accurate estimates. The second chapter addresses the sensitivity of toxicological tests to organisms whereas the standard toxicity tests adopted by regulatory agencies usually cover only one generation. In this way the adoption of multigenerational trials in order to better evaluate the effect of contaminants is suggested. In this work, nematodes were exposed to arsenic, silver nanoparticles and the interaction between these two contaminants in environmentally relevant concentrations for 5 generations. In addition, the citrate used as stabilizer and the silver nitrate used in the synthesis of nanoparticles were also evaluated. Biochemical parameters such as oxidative stress biomarkers, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes were evaluated. In addition, physiological parameters such as fertility, reproduction and growth were also evaluated. The results indicate that coexistence with silver nanoparticles negatively influences the arsenic toxicity profile and suggests that trials conducted in just one generation may not adequately reflect the challenges faced by organisms when exposed to contaminants over long periods.
Biochemical toxicological tests are among the most widely used toxicity assessment methods and there is in fact a very wide range of biomarkers that can be used to assess the toxic effects of various types of environmental contaminants. However, for these analyzes to faithfully reflect the impact caused by these contaminants, it is necessary that all stages of research are well founded and standardized. In this sense, for researchers working with species such as the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans it is essential that basic steps such as estimating the number of animals to be used in the experiments are well standardized, but the standard estimation method (drop method) presents a high coefficient of variation among the replicates. In order to improve this procedure and promote greater sensitivity to toxicity tests, the first chapter of this thesis presents a viable alternative to solve this problem. The circular estimation method (CEM) presents a coefficient of variation between replicates well below the standard method, in addition to its much more accurate and accurate estimates. The second chapter addresses the sensitivity of toxicological tests to organisms whereas the standard toxicity tests adopted by regulatory agencies usually cover only one generation. In this way the adoption of multigenerational trials in order to better evaluate the effect of contaminants is suggested. In this work, nematodes were exposed to arsenic, silver nanoparticles and the interaction between these two contaminants in environmentally relevant concentrations for 5 generations. In addition, the citrate used as stabilizer and the silver nitrate used in the synthesis of nanoparticles were also evaluated. Biochemical parameters such as oxidative stress biomarkers, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes were evaluated. In addition, physiological parameters such as fertility, reproduction and growth were also evaluated. The results indicate that coexistence with silver nanoparticles negatively influences the arsenic toxicity profile and suggests that trials conducted in just one generation may not adequately reflect the challenges faced by organisms when exposed to contaminants over long periods.
Descrição
Tese ( Doutorado)
Palavras-chave
Fisiologia, Toxicologia, Testes de toxicidade, Caenorhabditis elegans, Nanopartículas de prata, Arsênio, Biomarcadores, Ensaios multigeracionais, Contaminação ambiental, Physiology, Toxicology, Toxicity tests, Toxicological analysis, Caenorhabditis elegans, Silver nanoparticles, Arsenic, Biomarkers, Generational assessment, Environmental contamination
Citação
JOSENDE, Marcelo Estrella. Efeitos fisiológicos e bioquímicos da contaminação por nanopartículas de prata isoladas e coexpostas ao arsênio e a sensibilidade dos ensaios toxicológicos. 2019. 97 f. Tese(doutorado) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 2019.
