Winterização no processo de refino de óleo de farelo de arroz e produção de lipídios estruturados
Resumo
Alimento base na dieta mundial, o arroz é considerado um alimento fonte de energia devido a
sua composição que abrange desde altos níveis de carboidratos até teores de proteína, lipídios,
vitaminas e minerais. Durante o beneficiamento, tem-se como subproduto o farelo de arroz,
rico em proteínas e lipídios e matéria prima para a obtenção de óleo de farelo de arroz. Após
extraído, o óleo de farelo de arroz demanda de etapas de refino para a remoção de compostos
indesejáveis, sendo essas as etapas de degomagem, neutralização, branqueamento e
winterização. A winterização é uma etapa do refino que tem por finalidade tornar o óleo mais
valorizado comercialmente, onde se tem a separação dos compostos presentes no óleo por
diferentes pontos de fusão. Os principais fatores que influenciam neste processo são tempo,
temperatura, taxa de resfriamento e agitação, possibilitando assim a remoção de compostos que
atribuem ao óleo a turbidez. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal, o estudo do processo
de winterização de óleo de farelo de arroz para a obtenção das frações oleína e estearina, e sua
posterior aplicação na obtenção de lipídios estruturados. O óleo de farelo de arroz degomado
utilizado para a realização deste trabalho foi cedido por uma empresa de extração de óleos
vegetais da cidade de Pelotas-RS. O refino químico foi realizado através das etapas de
neutralização e branqueamento. A winterização foi realizada através de um tratamento por via
seca, e um tratamento por via solvente a fim de serem obtidas as frações oleína e estearina do
óleo. O lipídio estruturado 1 foi obtido a partir da fração estearina e da fração oleína na
proporção de 70:30 respectivamente. O lipídio estruturado 2 foi obtido pela mistura de banha
suína e oleína na mesma proporção do anterior. O óleo de farelo de arroz branqueado, as frações
oleína e estearina (obtidas via seca e via solvente) e os lipídios estruturados foram
caracterizados por análises físico-químicas e térmicas. Também foram realizadas as análises de
ressonância magnética nuclear para a determinação dos ácidos graxos (AG) presentes nas
posições do glicerol. Todas as frações de oleína e estearina, bem como o óleo branqueado e os
lipídios estruturados apresentaram valores de acidez (ácido graxos livres – AGL), índice de
peróxido (IP) e Totox de acordo com os valores estabelecidos pela legislação. Os valores do
índice de iodo (II) e do índice de saponificação (IS) também foram semelhantes aos valores
presentes na literatura. Os II da banha suína e do lipídio estruturado obtido da mistura de banha
suína e oleína apresentaram valores inferiores devido a grande quantidade de ácido graxos
saturados (AGS) presentes em sua composição. Quanto aos perfis de AG, pode-se determinar
que o processo de winterização via seca resultou numa melhor separação dos AG por apresentar
uma fração estearina com maiores quantidade de AGS. Os lipídios estruturados obtidos
apresentaram características distintas no conteúdo de gordura sólida (CGS), onde cada lipídio
foi destinado para a aplicação em processos distintos. O lipídio estruturado 1 foi considerado
mais adequado para a produção de condimentos por apresentar um CGS inferior a 10% em
temperatura ambiente, enquanto o lipídio estruturado 2 apresentou um CGS de
aproximadamente 22% à temperatura ambiente, sendo ideal para processos de panificação.
Quanto a estabilidade térmica de ambos os lipídios, estes apresentaram uma curva de máxima
degradação próximo de 450˚C. O lipídio estruturado 1 apresentou um aumento na quantidade
de AGS na posição sn-1,3 de 37% para 41%, e uma redução de 63% para 58% de ácidos graxos
insaturados (AGI). Na posição sn-2, o lipídio estruturado 1 não apresentou diferença, enquanto
o lipídio estruturado 2 apresentou maiores diferenças nessa posição, reduzindo 30% de AGS e
aumentando 80% de AGI em relação a banha suína.
Food-based on the world diet, rice is considered an energy source food due to its composition ranging from high carbohydrate levels beyond protein, lipid, vitamin and mineral contents. During processing, rice bran is obtained, rich in protein and lipids and raw material for obtaining rice bran oil. After extracted, the rice bran oil requires refinement steps for the removal of undesirable compounds, these being the steps of degumming, neutralization, bleaching and winterization. Winterization is a step of refinement that aims to make oil more commercially valued, where the compounds present in the oil are separated by different melting points. The important factors of this process are time, temperature and agitation, thus enabling the removal of compounds that attribute to the oil the turbidity. The main of this work was the study of the winterization process of rice bran oil to obtain olein and stearin fractions, and its subsequent application in the obtainment of structured lipids. The oil rice bran used to carry out this work was provided by a vegetable oil extraction company in the city of Pelotas-RS. Chemical refinement was performed through the neutralization and bleaching steps. Winterization was performed through a dry treatment, and a solvent treatment in order to obtain the olein and stearin fractions of the oil. Structured lipid 1 was obtained from the stearin fraction and olein fraction in the proportion of 70:30, respectively. The structured lipid 2 was obtained by mixing swine lard, and olein in the same proportion as the previous one. Bleached rice bran oil, olein fraction and stearin fraction by dry treatment and solvent pathway, and structured lipids were characterized by physicochemical and thermal analyses. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis was also performed to determine the free fatty (FA) present in the positions of the glycerol. All olein and stearin fractions, such as bleached oil and structured lipids, presented acidity (FFA), peroxide value (PV) and Totox values according to the values established by the legislation. Iodine value (IV) and saponification value (SV) were also similar to the values present in the literature. The IV of the swine lard and structured lipid obtained from the mixture of swine and olein lard presented lower values due to the higher amount of SFA present in its composition. Regarding the FA profile, it can be determined that the dry winterization process performed a better separation of FA by presenting a stearin fraction with a higher amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA). The structured lipids obtained presented distinct characteristics in solid fat content (SFC), where each lipid was considered suitable for the application of different processes. Structured lipid 1 was considered more suitable for the condiments production because it presented SFC of lower than 10% at room temperature, while structured lipid 2 presented SFC of approximately 22% at room temperature, being suitable for bakery processes. Regarding the thermal stability of both lipids, they presented a maximum degradation curve close to 450°C. Structured lipid 1 showed an increase in the amount of SFA in the sn-1.3 position from 37% to 41% and a reduction from 63% to 58% of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). In position sn-2, structured lipid 1 showed no difference, while structured lipid 2 showed greater differences in this position, reducing 30% of SFA and increasing 80% of UFA in relation to swine lard.
Food-based on the world diet, rice is considered an energy source food due to its composition ranging from high carbohydrate levels beyond protein, lipid, vitamin and mineral contents. During processing, rice bran is obtained, rich in protein and lipids and raw material for obtaining rice bran oil. After extracted, the rice bran oil requires refinement steps for the removal of undesirable compounds, these being the steps of degumming, neutralization, bleaching and winterization. Winterization is a step of refinement that aims to make oil more commercially valued, where the compounds present in the oil are separated by different melting points. The important factors of this process are time, temperature and agitation, thus enabling the removal of compounds that attribute to the oil the turbidity. The main of this work was the study of the winterization process of rice bran oil to obtain olein and stearin fractions, and its subsequent application in the obtainment of structured lipids. The oil rice bran used to carry out this work was provided by a vegetable oil extraction company in the city of Pelotas-RS. Chemical refinement was performed through the neutralization and bleaching steps. Winterization was performed through a dry treatment, and a solvent treatment in order to obtain the olein and stearin fractions of the oil. Structured lipid 1 was obtained from the stearin fraction and olein fraction in the proportion of 70:30, respectively. The structured lipid 2 was obtained by mixing swine lard, and olein in the same proportion as the previous one. Bleached rice bran oil, olein fraction and stearin fraction by dry treatment and solvent pathway, and structured lipids were characterized by physicochemical and thermal analyses. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis was also performed to determine the free fatty (FA) present in the positions of the glycerol. All olein and stearin fractions, such as bleached oil and structured lipids, presented acidity (FFA), peroxide value (PV) and Totox values according to the values established by the legislation. Iodine value (IV) and saponification value (SV) were also similar to the values present in the literature. The IV of the swine lard and structured lipid obtained from the mixture of swine and olein lard presented lower values due to the higher amount of SFA present in its composition. Regarding the FA profile, it can be determined that the dry winterization process performed a better separation of FA by presenting a stearin fraction with a higher amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA). The structured lipids obtained presented distinct characteristics in solid fat content (SFC), where each lipid was considered suitable for the application of different processes. Structured lipid 1 was considered more suitable for the condiments production because it presented SFC of lower than 10% at room temperature, while structured lipid 2 presented SFC of approximately 22% at room temperature, being suitable for bakery processes. Regarding the thermal stability of both lipids, they presented a maximum degradation curve close to 450°C. Structured lipid 1 showed an increase in the amount of SFA in the sn-1.3 position from 37% to 41% and a reduction from 63% to 58% of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). In position sn-2, structured lipid 1 showed no difference, while structured lipid 2 showed greater differences in this position, reducing 30% of SFA and increasing 80% of UFA in relation to swine lard.
Descrição
Dissertação (Mestrado)
Palavras-chave
Fracionamento, Beneficiamento, Ácidos graxos, Interesterificação, Refino, Fractionation, Processing, Fatty acids, Interesterification, Refinement
Citação
CASATI, Mayke Ochner. Winterização no processo de refino de óleo de farelo de arroz e produção de lipídios estruturados. 2020. 67 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos) - Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 2020.
