Inibição do crescimento de espécies do complexo Fusarium graminearum e da síntese de tricotecenos por compostos fenólicos livres e encapsulados
Resumo
Fusarium é um gênero de fungo comumente encontrado em grãos e alimentos a base
de cereais e reconhecido produtor de uma ampla gama de micotoxinas. A necessidade
de aumentar a segurança alimentar norteia a busca por substâncias naturais como
alternativa ao uso de fungicidas químicos. Compostos fenólicos têm demonstrado
propriedades antifúngicas e antimicotoxigênicas e a incorporação dessas substâncias
em sistemas carreadores, tais como lipossomos, pode preservar ou mesmo
potencializar este efeito. Em função disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a atividade
antifúngica de compostos fenólicos extraídos de Spirulina sp. LEB-18 na forma livre e
encapsulada
visando
aplicá-los
para
diminuir
o
impacto
da
contaminação
micotoxicológica em grãos por espécies filogenéticas do complexo Fusarium
graminearum (Fg). Primeiramente, algumas rotas metabólicas foram avaliadas através
da determinação de compostos estruturais (glicosamina e ergosterol) e da atividade de
enzimas do metabolismo primário de 12 isolados de Fg em presença do extrato
fenólico. A concentração necessária para inibir 50% o crescimento micelial (IC50) foi
obtida em valores correspondentes entre 3 a 8% (v/v) de extrato fenólico e a
glicosamina foi o indicativo de inibição que melhor representou o efeito inibidor sobre o
crescimento fúngico. Padrões de ácidos fenólicos foram testados e comparados ao
extrato fenólico de Spirulina, sendo observado que o ácido gálico foi o que apresentou
maior efeito inibidor, porém inferior ao extrato fenólico de Spirulina. A incorporação do
extrato fenólico em lipossomos alterou a dinâmica das regiões polares e apolares da
fosfatidilcolina da membrana lipídica, influenciando a região fosfato do lipídio e
aumentando a fluidez dos metilenos presentes na cauda apolar da membrana. Este
efeito está relacionado com a inibição superior a 90% no crescimento de isolados do
complexo Fg em presença de lipossomos contendo 8% de extrato fenólico (v/v). A
produção de glicosamina foi reduzida de 11,5 mg g-1 para 6,1 mg g-1 no meio com
lipossomo puro e extrato fenólico incorporado ao lipossomo, respectivamente, e
aumentou em 15 vezes e 6 vezes a inibição da produção das micotoxinas NIV e
15AcDON. Ficou demonstrado que a técnica de encapsulamento garantiu a
manutenção das propriedades de compostos bioativos, com atividade antifúngica e
antimicotoxigênica superior ao extrato fenólico livre.
Fusarium is a fungal strain commonly found in grains and foods from cereals and a recognized mycotoxin producer. The need to increase food safety leads the search for biologically active natural substances as an alternative to the sinthetic fungicides. Phenolic compounds have demonstrated antifungal and antimicotoxigenic properties and the incorporation of these substances in carrier systems such as liposomes, may can preserve or even enhance this effect. As a result, this work aimed to study the antifungal activity of phenolic compounds extracted from Spirulina sp. LEB-18 in free and encapsulated form in order be applied in the reduction of the impact of micotoxin contamination in grains by Fusarium graminearum (Fg). First, the possibility affected metabolic pathways potentially affected were evaluated by determining structural compounds (glucosamine and ergosterol) and the enzymatic activity corresponding to primary metabolism of Fg 12 isolates in the presence of phenolic extract. The half inhibition concentration of fungal growth (IC50) was obtained in phenolic extracts concentrations between 3-8% (v/v) and glucosamine was the inhibition indicative which best represented the inhibitory effect on fungal growth. Phenolic acids standards were tested comparatively to Spirulina phenolic extract, and among them, being gallic acid showed the greatest inhibitory effect. However, this effect was lower than the Spirulina phenolic extract. The phenolic extract incorporation in lipossomes change the dynamics of the lipid membrandes of phosphatidylcholine polar and nonpolar regions, influencing the lipid phosphate region and increasing the fluidity of methylenes present in apolar hydrophobic acyl chains. This effect is related to the Fg growth inhibition of the complex isolates, wich was greater than 90% in the presence of liposomes containing 8% phenol extract (v/v). The production of glucosamine was reduced from 11.5 mg. g-1 to 6.1 mg. g-1 in the medium with pure liposome and phenolic extract incorporated into the liposome, respectively and increased by 15 and 6 times the inhibition of the mycotoxins NIV and 15AcDON. This showed that encapsulation technique ensured the maintenance of bioactive compounds with antifungal activity and antimicotoxigenic properties above the free phenolic extract.
Fusarium is a fungal strain commonly found in grains and foods from cereals and a recognized mycotoxin producer. The need to increase food safety leads the search for biologically active natural substances as an alternative to the sinthetic fungicides. Phenolic compounds have demonstrated antifungal and antimicotoxigenic properties and the incorporation of these substances in carrier systems such as liposomes, may can preserve or even enhance this effect. As a result, this work aimed to study the antifungal activity of phenolic compounds extracted from Spirulina sp. LEB-18 in free and encapsulated form in order be applied in the reduction of the impact of micotoxin contamination in grains by Fusarium graminearum (Fg). First, the possibility affected metabolic pathways potentially affected were evaluated by determining structural compounds (glucosamine and ergosterol) and the enzymatic activity corresponding to primary metabolism of Fg 12 isolates in the presence of phenolic extract. The half inhibition concentration of fungal growth (IC50) was obtained in phenolic extracts concentrations between 3-8% (v/v) and glucosamine was the inhibition indicative which best represented the inhibitory effect on fungal growth. Phenolic acids standards were tested comparatively to Spirulina phenolic extract, and among them, being gallic acid showed the greatest inhibitory effect. However, this effect was lower than the Spirulina phenolic extract. The phenolic extract incorporation in lipossomes change the dynamics of the lipid membrandes of phosphatidylcholine polar and nonpolar regions, influencing the lipid phosphate region and increasing the fluidity of methylenes present in apolar hydrophobic acyl chains. This effect is related to the Fg growth inhibition of the complex isolates, wich was greater than 90% in the presence of liposomes containing 8% phenol extract (v/v). The production of glucosamine was reduced from 11.5 mg. g-1 to 6.1 mg. g-1 in the medium with pure liposome and phenolic extract incorporated into the liposome, respectively and increased by 15 and 6 times the inhibition of the mycotoxins NIV and 15AcDON. This showed that encapsulation technique ensured the maintenance of bioactive compounds with antifungal activity and antimicotoxigenic properties above the free phenolic extract.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Spirulina, Fungos toxigênicos, Inibição fúngica, Lipossomos, Glicosamina, Nivalenol, 15 acetil-deoxinivalenol, Toxigenic fungal, Fungal inhibition, Liposomes, Glucosamine, 15-acetil-deoxynivalenol
Citação
PAGNUSSATT, Fernanda Arnhold. Inibição do crescimento de espécies do complexo Fusarium graminearum e da síntese de tricotecenos por compostos fenólicos livres e encapsulados. 2013. 158 f. Tese ( Doutorado em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos) - Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 2013.
