Pré-tratamentos físico e enzimático para valoração das proteínas do farelo de arroz desengordurado
Resumo
O arroz, cereal que está presente na alimentação de mais da metade da população mundial,
apresenta em sua composição aminoacídica o segundo maior conteúdo de lisina além de possuir
proteínas hipoalergênicas. O farelo de arroz, subproduto do beneficiamento do arroz, é rico em
nutrientes: proteína, fibra dietética, vitaminas do complexo B, ácidos graxos insaturados,
minerais e fitoquímicos com propriedades nutracêuticas que agregam valor em formulações
alimentícias. Para recuperação das proteínas presentes na matriz, podem ser aplicados prétratamentos como a hidrólise utilizando enzimas do complexo celulolítico; elas são promissoras
para a hidrólise do material lignocelulósico e maior disponibilização de proteínas para extração.
Como pré-tratamento físico destaca-se a extrusão que altera principalmente a conformação das
proteínas contidas no material, promovendo um aumento de sua solubilidade e tornando-as mais
propícias à extração. O objetivo do estudo foi obter concentrados proteicos de farelo de arroz
desengordurado utilizando pré-tratamento físico de extrusão, pré-tratamento enzimático e a
combinação de ambos; comparar suas propriedades nutricionais, tecnológicas e a viabilidade
econômica do processo, visando aplicação na formulação de alimentos. As melhores condições
para atuação do complexo celulolítico no farelo de arroz foram obtidas por planejamentos
experimentais, valores de pH 3,8 e temperatura 55 °C; a hidrólise em batelada por 96 h foi
responsável por proporcionar uma maior recuperação das proteínas em relação a batelada
simples por 80 min. O pré-tratamento de extrusão resultou em um concentrado proteico com
alto teor protéico (72,9%), recuperação de72,0%, maior conteúdo de aminoácidos totais
(97,3gaa/100gproteína) e aminoácidos essenciais (28,7gaa/100gproteína), dispersibilidade (97,3%) e
digestibilidade (65,6%). O pré-tratamento enzimático resultou em um concentrado proteico
com a melhor CAO (5,8góleo/gamostra), maiores EE10 (15,5 min) e EE30 (12,0 min), aumento
significativo na Turbidez, CAA, FE e EFE; porém a combinação dos pré-tratamentos
enzimático e físico aumentou o teor proteico do concentrado (69,6%), melhorou o rendimento
de extração (72,0%), teve o maior efeito positivo na CAA (4,6gágua/gamostra), Turbidez (3,5), FE
(120,5%), EFE (41,5 mL) e ainda contribuiu para aumento da digestibilidade (67,2%). O
concentrado obtido pela combinação dos processos foi o que apresentou as melhores
propriedades tecnológicas e o concentrado obtido por pré-tratamento enzimático como o melhor
concentrado para formulações aonde CAO e EE sejam altas. A viabilidade econômica indica
que o projeto de implantação de uma linha industrial para obtenção de concentrados proteicos
pré-tratados previamente com processos físicos e/ou enzimáticos pode ser lucrativo com um
valor de investimento com alta taxa de payback e que apresenta poucos riscos, uma vez que na
sua pior hipótese apresenta um retorno máximo de 1 ano. O custo comercial do kg dos quatro
concentrados proteicos obtidos é competitivo com o preço dos produtos disponíveis atualmente
no mercado.
Rice is a cereal present in the daily consumption of more than half of the world population. The amino acid composition of rice proteins has the second highest lysine content in cereals and they can be considered hypoallergenic. Rice bran is a nutrient-rich co-product with high contents of protein, dietary fiber, B vitamins, unsaturated fatty acids, minerals and phytochemicals with nutraceutical properties that can bring value in food formulations. To recover the proteins in the matrix, pre-treatments can be applied, such as hydrolysis using enzymes of the cellulolytic complex; they are promising in the breakdown of the matrix lignocellulosic material, providing greater protein content for extraction. Extrusion is a physical process that mainly changes the conformation of proteins contained in the material, promoting an increase of its solubility and making them more easily extracted. The objective of this study was to obtain protein concentrates from defatted rice bran using physical extrusion pretreatment, enzymatic pretreatment and the combination of both, in order to compare their nutritional, technological properties and the economic viability of the process, aiming their application in food formulation. The best conditions for the cellulolytic complex act in rice bran were obtained by experimental design, reaching values of pH 3.8 and temperature 55 ° C; the batch hydrolysis for 96h was responsible for providing a greater recovery of the proteins in relation to the simple batch for 80 min. The technological properties: water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foam formation and stability and emulsion formation and stability were determined in the obtained protein concentrates. Nutritional properties were also evaluated: protein dispersibility index, amino acid profile and in vitro digestibility. The extrusion pretreatment resulted in a protein concentrate with a high protein content (72.9%), excellent recovery (72.0%), higher content of total amino acids (97.3gaa/100gprotein) and essential amino acids (28.7gaa/100gprotein), dispersibility (97.3%) and digestibility (65.6%). The enzymatic pretreatment resulted in a protein concentrate with the best CAO (5.8goil/gsample), higher EE10 (15.5 min) and EE30 (12.0 min), significant increase in Turbidity, CAA, FE and EFE; however, the combination of enzymatic and physical pretreatments increased the protein content of the concentrate (69.6%), improved the extraction yield (72.0%), had the greatest positive effect on CAA (4.6gwater/gsample), Turbidity (3.5), EF (120.5%), EFE (41.5 mL) and also contributed to increased digestibility (67.2%). The concentrate obtained by combining processes showed the best technological properties and the concentrate obtained by enzymatic pre-treatment can be considered the best one to apply in formulations where CAO and EE are demanded. The economic viability indicates that the project for the implantation of an industrial line for obtaining pre-treated protein concentrates with physical and/or enzymatic processes can be profitable with an investment value with a high payback rate and which presents few risks, since which in its worst case has a maximum return of 1 year. The commercial cost of the kg of the four protein concentrates obtained is competitive with the price of the products currently available on the market.
Rice is a cereal present in the daily consumption of more than half of the world population. The amino acid composition of rice proteins has the second highest lysine content in cereals and they can be considered hypoallergenic. Rice bran is a nutrient-rich co-product with high contents of protein, dietary fiber, B vitamins, unsaturated fatty acids, minerals and phytochemicals with nutraceutical properties that can bring value in food formulations. To recover the proteins in the matrix, pre-treatments can be applied, such as hydrolysis using enzymes of the cellulolytic complex; they are promising in the breakdown of the matrix lignocellulosic material, providing greater protein content for extraction. Extrusion is a physical process that mainly changes the conformation of proteins contained in the material, promoting an increase of its solubility and making them more easily extracted. The objective of this study was to obtain protein concentrates from defatted rice bran using physical extrusion pretreatment, enzymatic pretreatment and the combination of both, in order to compare their nutritional, technological properties and the economic viability of the process, aiming their application in food formulation. The best conditions for the cellulolytic complex act in rice bran were obtained by experimental design, reaching values of pH 3.8 and temperature 55 ° C; the batch hydrolysis for 96h was responsible for providing a greater recovery of the proteins in relation to the simple batch for 80 min. The technological properties: water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foam formation and stability and emulsion formation and stability were determined in the obtained protein concentrates. Nutritional properties were also evaluated: protein dispersibility index, amino acid profile and in vitro digestibility. The extrusion pretreatment resulted in a protein concentrate with a high protein content (72.9%), excellent recovery (72.0%), higher content of total amino acids (97.3gaa/100gprotein) and essential amino acids (28.7gaa/100gprotein), dispersibility (97.3%) and digestibility (65.6%). The enzymatic pretreatment resulted in a protein concentrate with the best CAO (5.8goil/gsample), higher EE10 (15.5 min) and EE30 (12.0 min), significant increase in Turbidity, CAA, FE and EFE; however, the combination of enzymatic and physical pretreatments increased the protein content of the concentrate (69.6%), improved the extraction yield (72.0%), had the greatest positive effect on CAA (4.6gwater/gsample), Turbidity (3.5), EF (120.5%), EFE (41.5 mL) and also contributed to increased digestibility (67.2%). The concentrate obtained by combining processes showed the best technological properties and the concentrate obtained by enzymatic pre-treatment can be considered the best one to apply in formulations where CAO and EE are demanded. The economic viability indicates that the project for the implantation of an industrial line for obtaining pre-treated protein concentrates with physical and/or enzymatic processes can be profitable with an investment value with a high payback rate and which presents few risks, since which in its worst case has a maximum return of 1 year. The commercial cost of the kg of the four protein concentrates obtained is competitive with the price of the products currently available on the market.
Descrição
Dissertação (Mestrado)
Palavras-chave
Digestibilidade, Propriedades Nutricionais, Propriedades tecnológicas, Cereal, Extrusão, Celulase, Digestibility, Nutritional Properties, Technological Properties, Extrusion, Cellulase
Citação
LEAL, Francisco Henrique Pereira Neves. Pré-tratamentos físico e enzimático para valoração das proteínas do farelo de arroz desengordurado. 2020. 101 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos) - Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 2020.
