Impacto do uso de fungicidas na produção de Ocratoxina A por Aspergillus carbonarius e na fermentação alcoólica por Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Resumo
A contaminação por fungos do gênero Aspergillus é frequente em uvas, apresentando
espécies produtoras de micotoxinas, que são metabólitos secundários que apresentam
amplo espectro de toxicidade, baixa massa molar, termoestabilidade e atuam em
baixas concentrações. Dentre as principais espécies toxigênicas encontradas em uvas
está o Aspergillus carbonarius que pode produzir Ocratoxina A (OTA). Para limitar a
contaminação fúngica em uvas são empregados os fungicidas cresoxim-metílico e
famoxadona, que por sua vez, podem afetar a produção de micotoxinas pelas espécies
toxigênicas, além da sua ação residual nas frutas e derivados. O objetivo deste estudo
foi avaliar o efeito de cresoxim-metílico e famoxadona na manifestação toxigênica do
Aspergillus carbonarius, além do efeito destes fungicidas e da OTA na ação da
levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae durante a fermentação alcoólica. Primeiramente foi
validado o método QuEChERS para a extração e HPLC-FL para determinar OTA em
50 amostras comerciais de vinho tinto do Rio Grande do Sul. Depois foi avaliado, in
vitro, o efeito do uso dos fungicidas cresoxim-metílico e famoxadona nas
concentrações de 1000 ug mL-1 e 600 ug mL-1, respectivamente, sobre o potencial
toxigênico de Aspergillus carbonarius. Por fim foi determinada a influência da
ocorrência destes fungicidas e da OTA nas concentrações de 2 e 4 ug L-1, durante a
fermentação alcoólica por Saccharomyces cerevisiae em meio sintético. A OTA foi
detectada em 86% das amostras em uma faixa de concentração entre 0,45 e
4,65 ug L-1, cuja média foi de 1,63 ug L1. Os fungicidas foram eficazes para reduzir o
crescimento fúngico em até 70%, embora tenham desencadeado o potencial
toxigênico. Durante a fermentação alcoólica por Saccharomyces cerevisiae, na
presença dos fungicidas e OTA, foram observadas alterações às 48 h de fermentação,
ocorrendo a maior redução de micotoxina nos cultivos expostos a OTA. Os cultivos
coexpostos a micotoxina e aos fungicidas apresentaram redução de OTA ao longo das
96 h de fermentação, estando diretamente relacionada ao aumento da atividade da
enzima peroxidase, produção de glutationa e da síntese proteica. Todos os cultivos na
presença de fungicidas e OTA apresentaram menor produção de etanol e alterações
morfológicas na parede celular da levedura. Portanto, o uso de fungicidas pode
contribuir com o controle fungico, no entanto, afeta o potencial toxigênico do fungo
aumentando sua produção de OTA em uvas, alterando o metabolismo da levedura
durante a fermentação alcoólica.
Contamination by Aspergillus fungi is frequent in grapes with mycotoxin producing species, which are secondary metabolites that have a broad spectrum of toxicity, low molar mass, thermostability and act at low concentrations. Among the main toxigenic species found in grapes is Aspergillus carbonarius which can produce Ocratoxin A (OTA). To limit fungal contamination in grapes, cresoxim-methyl and famoxadone fungicides are used, which in turn can affect the production of mycotoxins by toxigenic species, as well as their residual action on fruits and derivatives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cresoxim-methyl and famoxadone fungicides on the toxigenic manifestation of Aspergillus carbonarius, as well as their effect and OTA on the action of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast during alcoholic fermentation. Firstly, a QuEChERS method for extraction and HPLC-FL to validate OTA in 50 commercial samples of Rio Grande do Sul red wine was validated. Then, in vitro, the effect of the use of cresoxim-methyl and famoxadone on the concentrations of 1000 ug mL-1 and 600 ug mL-1, respectively, on the toxigenic potential of Aspergillus carbonarius. Finally, the influence of the occurrence of these fungicides and OTA at concentrations of 2 and 4 ug L-1 was determined during alcoholic fermentation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae in synthetic medium. OTA was detected in 86% of the samples in a concentration range between 0.45 and 4,65 ug L-1, with a mean of 1,63 ug L-1. Fungicides were effective in reducing fungal growth by up to 70%, although they triggered the toxigenic potential. During alcoholic fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in the presence of fungicides and OTA, changes were observed at 48h of fermentation, with the largest reduction of mycotoxin in crops exposed to OTA. Cultures coexposed with mycotoxin and fungicides showed reduction of OTA throughout the 96h of fermentation. All reductions were directly related to increased peroxidase enzyme activity, glutathione production and protein synthesis. All crops presented lower ethanol production and morphological changes in the yeast cell wall. Therefore, the use of fungicides may contribute to fungal control; however, it affects the fungal toxigenic potential by increasing its OTA production in grapes, altering yeast metabolism during alcoholic fermentation.
Contamination by Aspergillus fungi is frequent in grapes with mycotoxin producing species, which are secondary metabolites that have a broad spectrum of toxicity, low molar mass, thermostability and act at low concentrations. Among the main toxigenic species found in grapes is Aspergillus carbonarius which can produce Ocratoxin A (OTA). To limit fungal contamination in grapes, cresoxim-methyl and famoxadone fungicides are used, which in turn can affect the production of mycotoxins by toxigenic species, as well as their residual action on fruits and derivatives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cresoxim-methyl and famoxadone fungicides on the toxigenic manifestation of Aspergillus carbonarius, as well as their effect and OTA on the action of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast during alcoholic fermentation. Firstly, a QuEChERS method for extraction and HPLC-FL to validate OTA in 50 commercial samples of Rio Grande do Sul red wine was validated. Then, in vitro, the effect of the use of cresoxim-methyl and famoxadone on the concentrations of 1000 ug mL-1 and 600 ug mL-1, respectively, on the toxigenic potential of Aspergillus carbonarius. Finally, the influence of the occurrence of these fungicides and OTA at concentrations of 2 and 4 ug L-1 was determined during alcoholic fermentation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae in synthetic medium. OTA was detected in 86% of the samples in a concentration range between 0.45 and 4,65 ug L-1, with a mean of 1,63 ug L-1. Fungicides were effective in reducing fungal growth by up to 70%, although they triggered the toxigenic potential. During alcoholic fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in the presence of fungicides and OTA, changes were observed at 48h of fermentation, with the largest reduction of mycotoxin in crops exposed to OTA. Cultures coexposed with mycotoxin and fungicides showed reduction of OTA throughout the 96h of fermentation. All reductions were directly related to increased peroxidase enzyme activity, glutathione production and protein synthesis. All crops presented lower ethanol production and morphological changes in the yeast cell wall. Therefore, the use of fungicides may contribute to fungal control; however, it affects the fungal toxigenic potential by increasing its OTA production in grapes, altering yeast metabolism during alcoholic fermentation.
Descrição
Tese (Doutorado)
Palavras-chave
Uva, Micotoxina, Fungicida, Estrobilurinas, Oxazolidinones, Grape, Mycotoxin, Fungicide, Strobilurins
Citação
AZEVEDO, Carmen Luiza de. Impacto do uso de fungicidas na produção de Ocratoxina A por Aspergillus carbonarius e na fermentação alcoólica por Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 2019. 100 f. Tese (Doutorado em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental , Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 2019.
