Sistema Carbonato e fluxos de dióxido de carbono no estuário da Lagos dos Patos
Resumo
Os estuários são considerados grandes fontes de dióxido de carbono (CO2) para
a atmosfera, mesmo ocupando apenas 4% da plataforma continental global.
Entretanto, a variação de desempenho que pode ocorrer entre a condição de
sumidouro e fonte de CO2 nestes ambientes não está somente ligada a relação
de sub ou supersaturação de CO2 dissolvido na água, mas também fortemente
condicionada por fatores bióticos e abióticos. Desta forma, este estudo faz uma
investigação inédita apresentando a primeira caracterização geral dos
parâmetros do sistema carbonato, a determinação dos fluxos líquidos de CO2 na
interface água-ar e a estimativa da origem das principais fontes de carbono no
estuário da maior lagoa costeira estrangulada do mundo, a Lagos dos Patos. As
águas superficiais da zona inferior do estuário da Lagoa dos Patos (ELP) foram
consideradas alcalinas e supersaturadas em relação tanto à calcita quanto à
aragonita. Os processos estuarinos predominantes que regeram as mudanças
no sistema carbonato no baixo estuário foram a diluição e a concentração de
sais, que são dependentes do complexo equilíbrio entre os fluxos de água doce
e água salgada que alteram a salinidade da superfície, produzindo condições
favoráveis para o desenvolvimento do fitoplanctôn e para a entrada de carbono
continental. Os baixos valores encontrados da pressão parcial de CO2 na água
(pCO2) refletiram nas condições de absorção de CO2 (verão/outono austral) e na
emissão de CO2 (inverno/primavera austral) para a atmosfera. Esse balanço
entre sumidouro e fonte foi modulado pela combinação da velocidade do vento,
vazão de água doce, temperatura da água e correntes de saída/entrada, sendo
a proliferação de fitoplâncton e a forte mistura vertical induzida pelo vento
forçantes pontuais no ELP que resultaram nas trocas de CO2 altamente variáveis
nas diferentes regiões. Ao contrário da maioria dos sistemas estuarinos, o ELP
atuou, no geral, como um sumidouro líquido de –2 mmol m–2 d–1 de CO2 de
durante o período investigado entre 2017 e 2021. A maior concentração
estuarina de CO2, devido a produção autóctone, indicou a heterotrofia em águas
estuarinas e concluiu-se que parte desse carbono produzido no estuário é
exportado para o litoral, sendo evidenciado pela alta concentração de CO2 na
foz do estuário. A variabilidade temporal dos parâmetros do sistema carbonato e dos fluxos líquidos de CO2 revelaram a complexidade da biogeoquímica na
região de estudo e os desafios a serem enfrentados em futuras pesquisas, para
se obter uma melhor compreensão da variabilidade do sistema carbonato e do
entendimento das trocas regionais de CO2, elucidando o papel de grandes
estuários e baías costeiras no balanço global de carbono.
Estuaries are considered large sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere, even occupying only 4% of the global continental shelf. However, the performance variation observed that can occur between the sink and source condition of CO2 in these environments is not only linked to the sub- or supersaturation of CO2 dissolved in the water, but also strongly conditioned by biotic and abiotic factors. In this way, this study makes an unprecedented investigation presenting the first general characterization of the parameters of the carbonate system, the determination of the water-air CO2 net fluxes and the estimation of the origin of the main sources of carbon in the estuary of the largest chocked coastal lagoon in the world, the Patos Lagoon. The surface waters of the lower zone of the Lagoa dos Patos estuary (ELP) were considered alkaline and supersaturated in relation to calcite and aragonite. The predominant estuarine processes that govern changes in the carbonate system in the lower estuary were the dilution and concentration of salts, which are dependent on the complex balance between freshwater and seawater fluxes that alter surface salinity and produce favorable conditions for the development of phytoplankton and for the continental carbon input. The low values found for the partial pressure of CO2 in the water (pCO2) reflected in the conditions CO2 absorption (austral summer/autumn) and emission (austral winter/spring) of CO2 to the atmosphere. This balance between sink and source was modulated by the combination of wind speed, freshwater discharge, water temperature and inflow/outflow currents, with phytoplankton and strong wind-induced vertical mixing as punctual forcing in the ELP, which led to highly variable CO2 exchanges in different regions. Unlike most estuarine systems, the ELP generally acted as a net CO2 sink of –2 mmol m–2 d– 1 during the investigated period between 2017 and 2021. The highest estuarine CO2 concentration, due to production autochthonous, indicated heterotrophy in estuarine waters and it was concluded that part of this carbon produced in the estuary is exported to the coast, evidenced by the high CO2 concentration at the mouth of the estuary. The temporal variability of the parameters of the carbonate system and the CO2 net fluxes revealed the complexity of biogeochemistry in the study region and the challenges to be faced in future research, to obtain a better understanding of the variability of the carbonate system and the understanding of regional exchanges of CO2, elucidating the role of large estuaries and coastal bays in the global carbon budget.
Estuaries are considered large sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere, even occupying only 4% of the global continental shelf. However, the performance variation observed that can occur between the sink and source condition of CO2 in these environments is not only linked to the sub- or supersaturation of CO2 dissolved in the water, but also strongly conditioned by biotic and abiotic factors. In this way, this study makes an unprecedented investigation presenting the first general characterization of the parameters of the carbonate system, the determination of the water-air CO2 net fluxes and the estimation of the origin of the main sources of carbon in the estuary of the largest chocked coastal lagoon in the world, the Patos Lagoon. The surface waters of the lower zone of the Lagoa dos Patos estuary (ELP) were considered alkaline and supersaturated in relation to calcite and aragonite. The predominant estuarine processes that govern changes in the carbonate system in the lower estuary were the dilution and concentration of salts, which are dependent on the complex balance between freshwater and seawater fluxes that alter surface salinity and produce favorable conditions for the development of phytoplankton and for the continental carbon input. The low values found for the partial pressure of CO2 in the water (pCO2) reflected in the conditions CO2 absorption (austral summer/autumn) and emission (austral winter/spring) of CO2 to the atmosphere. This balance between sink and source was modulated by the combination of wind speed, freshwater discharge, water temperature and inflow/outflow currents, with phytoplankton and strong wind-induced vertical mixing as punctual forcing in the ELP, which led to highly variable CO2 exchanges in different regions. Unlike most estuarine systems, the ELP generally acted as a net CO2 sink of –2 mmol m–2 d– 1 during the investigated period between 2017 and 2021. The highest estuarine CO2 concentration, due to production autochthonous, indicated heterotrophy in estuarine waters and it was concluded that part of this carbon produced in the estuary is exported to the coast, evidenced by the high CO2 concentration at the mouth of the estuary. The temporal variability of the parameters of the carbonate system and the CO2 net fluxes revealed the complexity of biogeochemistry in the study region and the challenges to be faced in future research, to obtain a better understanding of the variability of the carbonate system and the understanding of regional exchanges of CO2, elucidating the role of large estuaries and coastal bays in the global carbon budget.
Descrição
Tese (Doutorado)
Palavras-chave
Estuários, Biogeoquímica, Ciclo do carbono, Sistema carbonato, Fluxo líquido de CO2, Estuaries, Biogeochemistry, Carbon cycle, Carbonate system, Water– air CO2 net flux
Citação
COELHO, Cíntia de Albuquerque Wanderley. Sistema Carbonato e fluxos de dióxido de carbono no estuário da Lagos dos Patos. 2022. 153 f. Tese (Doutorado em Oceanografia Física, Química e Geológica) - Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia Física, Química e Geológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 2022.
