Microcontaminantes orgânicos na atmosfera da América Latina
Resumo
Poluentes Orgânicos Persistentes (POPs) são substâncias tóxicas, persistentes,
lipofílicas e, portanto, passíveis de bioacumular e biomagnificar ao longo da
cadeia trófica. São semivoláteis e capazes de se transportar por longas
distâncias no ar, causando efeitos deletérios à biota e à saúde humana, mesmo
distante das suas fontes diretas. Em razão disso, a Convenção de Estocolmo de
2001 restringiu ou baniu o uso de POPs, visando reduzir ou eliminar as
liberações intencionais ou não intencionais ao ambiente. A fim de avaliar a
eficácia da Convenção, o Plano Global de Monitoramento (Global Monitoring
Plan – GMP) recomenda o monitoramento de POPs em diferentes matrizes
ambientais. Neste sentido, a rede Latino-americana de amostragem passiva
atmosférica (LAPAN) monitora POPs desde 2010 na atmosfera de 13 países
empregando amostradores passivos à base de resina XAD-2. Utilizando
amostras da rede LAPAN, três estudos foram realizados. O estudo com amostras
coletadas entre 2010 e 2013 na América do Sul indicou que os contaminantes
estão amplamente distribuídos na região, apresentando maiores concentrações
em regiões urbanas, tanto para contaminantes de origem urbano/industrial
(HPAs, PCBs e PBDEs), quanto para contaminantes de origem agrícola (OCPs).
A avaliação em três períodos consecutivos mostrou que as diferenças nos níveis
de contaminação não foram significativas entre os períodos, exceto para HCH e
HEPTs. O estudo focado na região metropolitana de Bogotá (2014-2016)
mostrou que a contaminação se distribui de forma relativamente uniforme ao
longo da área de estudo para OCPs, PBDEs e NFRs (exceto para HPAs, PCBs
e CUPs), indicando a influência de aportes de longa distância sobre a região. Em
geral, os níveis foram comparáveis aos do estudo na América do Sul, somente
mais elevados para PCBs e dieldrin, indicando algum nível de aporte local, e
trans-clordano e lindano, com indícios de uso recente. Dentre os CUPs,
clorpirifós e tebuconazole predominaram. Por outro lado, o estudo de retardantes de chama na atmosfera da América Latina (2012-2017) indicou que os níveis de
contaminação por NFRs foram relativamente baixos e comparáveis ao
observados em Bogotá e estudos da rede GAPS na região. A distribuição de
todos analitos foi relativamente homogênea (exceto em Concepción, Chile e
Puerto Maldonado, Argentina), com influência de tipo de uso de solo somente
para PBT e PBBZ (mais elevados em sítios urbanos). Os níveis de contaminação
por PBDEs (com prevalência do BDE-47, -99 e -209) também foram
relativamente baixos, porém superiores a Bogotá, e com distribuição
relativamente homogênea (exceto em Rio Grande e São Paulo, Brasil, e Villa
Regina e Puerto Deseado, Argentina), não havendo distinção em relação ao tipo
de uso de solo. Com base nestes estudos é possível afirmar que os POPs, NFRs,
CUPs e HPAs estão amplamente distribuídos por toda a região da América
Latina e que, apesar de não evidenciada em todos os estudos, há uma certa
correlação dos níveis com o perfil de uso de solo.
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are toxic, persistent, lipophilic substances and, therefore, prone to bioaccumulate and biomagnify along the web chain. They are semi-volatile and capable of long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT), causing deleterious effects to biota and human health even far from their direct sources. As a result, the 2001 Stockholm Convention restricted or banned the use of POPs aiming to reduce or eliminate intentional or unintentional releases to the environment. To assess the effectiveness of the Convention, the Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) recommends monitoring POPs in different environmental matrices. In this sense, the Latin American Atmospheric Passive Sampling Network (LAPAN) has been monitoring POPs since 2010 in the atmosphere of 13 countries using XAD2-based passive samplers. Thus, three studies were carried out using samples from LAPAN. The study with samples collected between 2010 and 2013 indicated that contaminants were widely distributed along South America, with higher concentrations in urban regions, both for contaminants of urban/industrial origin (HPAs, PCBs and PBDEs), and for contaminants of agricultural origin (OCPs). Except for HCH and HEPTs, no differences in contamination levels were found between the three consecutive periods. The study in the metropolitan region of Bogotá (2014-2016) showed that contamination was relatively well distributed throughout the study area for OCPs, PBDEs and NFRs (except for PAHs, PCBs and CUPs), indicating the influence of long-range atmospheric transport over the region. Levels were, generally, comparable to those of the study in South America, higher only for PCBs and dieldrin, indicating some level of local contribution, and trans-chlordane and lindane, with evidence of recent use. Among CUPs, chlorpyrifos and tebuconazole predominated. On the other hand, the study of frame retardants in the atmosphere of Latin America (2012-2017) indicated that levels of contamination by NFRs were relatively low and comparable to those observed in Bogotá and studies of GAPS network in the region. The distribution was relatively homogeneous for all analites (except in Concepción, Chile and Puerto Maldonado, Argentina), with influence of type of land use only for PBT and PBBZ (higher in urban sites). Although higher than Bogotá, levels of PBDEs (with prevalence of BDE-47, -99 and -209) were also relatively low and relatively well distributed (except in Rio Grande and São Paulo, Brazil, and Villa Regina and Puerto Deseado, Argentina), with no evidence of type of land use influence. Based on these studies, it is possible to state that POPs, NFRs, CUPs and PAHs are widely distributed throughout the Latin America region and that, although not shown in all studies, there is a certain relationship between level and the profile of land use.
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are toxic, persistent, lipophilic substances and, therefore, prone to bioaccumulate and biomagnify along the web chain. They are semi-volatile and capable of long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT), causing deleterious effects to biota and human health even far from their direct sources. As a result, the 2001 Stockholm Convention restricted or banned the use of POPs aiming to reduce or eliminate intentional or unintentional releases to the environment. To assess the effectiveness of the Convention, the Global Monitoring Plan (GMP) recommends monitoring POPs in different environmental matrices. In this sense, the Latin American Atmospheric Passive Sampling Network (LAPAN) has been monitoring POPs since 2010 in the atmosphere of 13 countries using XAD2-based passive samplers. Thus, three studies were carried out using samples from LAPAN. The study with samples collected between 2010 and 2013 indicated that contaminants were widely distributed along South America, with higher concentrations in urban regions, both for contaminants of urban/industrial origin (HPAs, PCBs and PBDEs), and for contaminants of agricultural origin (OCPs). Except for HCH and HEPTs, no differences in contamination levels were found between the three consecutive periods. The study in the metropolitan region of Bogotá (2014-2016) showed that contamination was relatively well distributed throughout the study area for OCPs, PBDEs and NFRs (except for PAHs, PCBs and CUPs), indicating the influence of long-range atmospheric transport over the region. Levels were, generally, comparable to those of the study in South America, higher only for PCBs and dieldrin, indicating some level of local contribution, and trans-chlordane and lindane, with evidence of recent use. Among CUPs, chlorpyrifos and tebuconazole predominated. On the other hand, the study of frame retardants in the atmosphere of Latin America (2012-2017) indicated that levels of contamination by NFRs were relatively low and comparable to those observed in Bogotá and studies of GAPS network in the region. The distribution was relatively homogeneous for all analites (except in Concepción, Chile and Puerto Maldonado, Argentina), with influence of type of land use only for PBT and PBBZ (higher in urban sites). Although higher than Bogotá, levels of PBDEs (with prevalence of BDE-47, -99 and -209) were also relatively low and relatively well distributed (except in Rio Grande and São Paulo, Brazil, and Villa Regina and Puerto Deseado, Argentina), with no evidence of type of land use influence. Based on these studies, it is possible to state that POPs, NFRs, CUPs and PAHs are widely distributed throughout the Latin America region and that, although not shown in all studies, there is a certain relationship between level and the profile of land use.
Descrição
Tese (Doutorado)
Palavras-chave
Contaminação atmosférica, Convenção de Estocolmo, Rede LAPAN, Poluentes Orgânicos Persistentes, Contaminantes de uso atual, contaminantes de preocupação emergente, Atmospheric contamination, Stockholm Convention, LAPAN, Persistent Organic Pollutants, Currently used pesticides, Contaminants of emerging concern
Citação
AZEVEDO, Amaro de. Microcontaminantes orgânicos na atmosfera da América Latina. 2021. 266 f. Tese (Doutorado em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental , Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, 2021.
